MIKE 11

Structures
MIKE 11
Structures
Structure Types:
Weirs, spillways
Culverts
Pumps
Reservoir operations
Advanced controllable structures
Dambreak
Bridge module
MIKE 11
General Structure Features
Structures are located at Q-points
Flow equations substituted by energy equation
Q H Q Q H
MIKE 11
General Structure Features
Upstream and downstream cross sections must exist in database
at a distance < dx-max from the structure, preferably about half a
channel width upstream and downstream of structure

Valve regulation to allow flow in one direction only - e.g. for flap
gate operation

Group structures in parallel to describe complex geometries (eg
combined overflow and throughflow). These can be placed at same
Branch, Chainage and differentiated by the ID.
MIKE 11
Internal Conditions
Structures impose internal boundary conditions:
a) due to a control somewhere in the structure Qstr = f (Hu/s)
b) due to energy losses through the structure, Qstr = f (Hu/s, Hd/s )
MIKE 11 looks at both cases and decide which is the governing
mechanism.
Replace momentum equation with control equation (a) or local
energy balance (b).
MIKE 11
Upstream Control
Control somewhere in the structure, Qstr = f (Hu/s)
Egs:
- Weir; Free flow over the weir
- Culvert; Inlet critical
Outlet critical
Orifice flow at inlet

MIKE 11
Upstream Control
Zero flow,
Upstream or inlet controlled
MIKE 11
Downstream Control
Energy losses through the structure, Qstr = f (Hu/s, Hd/s )
Egs:
- Weir; Drowned flow over the weir
- Culvert; Drowned flow through the culvert

MIKE 11
Downstream Control
Downstream or outlet
controlled
MIKE 11
Downstream Control
Qstr = f (Hu/s, Hd/s) comes from energy equation which gives
the headloss as a function of flow.

lost D/S - U/S H H H =
H
lost
is a function of Q and is due to:
Eddy losses / vortices / turbulence
Contraction / expansion of streamlines
MIKE 11
Head Loss in Structures
g
v
g
v
h
g
v
h
s
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
1
1 , =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
h
1
h
2
H
U
/
S
H
D
/
S
lost D/S - U/S H H H =
MIKE 11
A
1
A
s
A
2
J-1 J J+1
h Q h
Loss Coefficient,
Contributions from inflow and outflow:
2
2
1
2 1
1 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
+
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A
A
s
out
s
in , , ,
, , ,
Note!
A
s
< A
1 and
A
2
MIKE 11
Total Headloss
Contributions from:
inflow (note As1, str.area at inlet)
friction (for culverts, note Asa, average str. area)
bend (for culverts, note Asa, average str. area)
outflow (note As2 , str. area at outlet)

subject to ,min specified in the HD11 file, default
values page.
MIKE 11
Specifying Loss Coefficients
Defaults:
,
in
= 0.5
,
out
= 1.0

Determine from:
Flume tests
Field measurements
Model calibration

Function of :
Degree of smoothness of
entry, exit
MIKE 11
Free Overflow
Q = ac Qc

For culverts and weirs
Qc is tabulated, ac is applied during simulation
Irregular sections: H not horizontal, v not uniform.
To be used when known, otherwise ac = 1
ac > 1, for non-parallel flow (curved streamlines) over
weir as in the case of a sharp-crestred weir
ac < 1, for side effects.

MIKE 11
Weirs


MIKE 11
Culverts


MIKE 11
Culverts


Rectangular
Circular
Irregular H-B
Irregular h-B
Cross-section DB

MIKE 11
Weir cf. Culverts
Weirs and culverts are very similar, except:
Culverts have a length, therefore a friction loss
Culverts have a length, therefore an outlet critical plus
friction loss control mechanism
Culverts have a soffit therefore a possible orifice control
mechanism
Culverts have a bend loss option
MIKE 11
Tabulated Structures
Defined as:
Qstr = f (Hu/s, Hd/s)
Hu/s = f (Qstr, Hd/s)
Hd/s = f (Qstr, Hu/s)



Some pumps can be modelled as a tabulated structure with Qpump
= f (Hu/s, Hd/s)

MIKE 11
Local Energy Losses
Abrupt change in river alignment
Gradual change in river alignment,
User defined energy loss
Flow contraction loss
Flow expansion loss where, o = 0.1 to 0.2

MIKE 11
(In)Stability at Structures
Ensure there is sufficient headloss through the structure. A very small
headloss leads to an ill-conditioned solution Increase energy loss or
remove structure

Ensure a monotonically increasing Q/h-relation
Edit the Q/h-relation by hand or change structure geometry

Ensure gradual variation in structure area
Alter structure area slightly

Also play with Delta, Delhs, Zetamin and Inter1Max in the HD11 file, default
values page
MIKE 11
MIKE-11 Bridge Structures
MIKE 11
Bridge Module
Simplifies approach to bridges

Specific menu for including bridges

Uses recognised approaches for estimating
head loss at bridge structures
MIKE 11
Bridge Module - Approach
User specified physical bridge parameters
and user selected approach.

Bridge module pre-calculates a rating table.

Uses rating table in fully dynamic model
mode to calculate bridge flow impacts
MIKE 11
FHWA WSPRO
USBPR Bridge Method
Fully Submerged Bridge
Arch Bridge (Biery and Delleur)
Arch Bridge (Hydraulic Research)
Bridge Piers (DAubuisson Formula)
Bridge Piers (Nagler)
Bridge Piers (Yarnell)


Eight Bridges Types