ABAP Objects 1

ABAP Objects October,2005
Jayanth.C
2005 Intelligroup, Inc.
Confidential and Proprietary
Topics to cover
Why Object oriented ABAP? Class, objects, Methods & Constructor Inheritance, Polymorphism Events & Exceptions Real time usage of ABAP Objects Limitations
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Evolutions in ABAP as a programming language

In seventies ABAP stood for AllgemeirBerichictsAufbereitungs Prozessor( General Report Preparation Processor ). In mid eighties ABAP had developed into an interpreter language which was a main component of the R/2 system and which could cope up with business application programs. In early nineties, ABAP evolved as a 4th generation programming language.
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Different approaches of Programming
Unstructured Programming.
Procedural Programming.
Object Oriented Programming.
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Unstructured Programming
report ysubdel. DATA : sal type p decimals 2, itax type p decimals 2, net_sal type p decimals 2 .
sal = 12000. IF sal lt 5000 . itax = 0. ELSE. itax = sal * '0.01'. ENDIF. net_sal = sal - itax. write:/5 sal , itax , net_sal. sal = 3500. IF sal lt 5000 . itax = 0. ELSE. itax = sal * '0.01'. ENDIF. net_sal = sal - itax. write:/5 sal , itax , net_sal.
Characteristics Consists of only one main program.
The program stands for a sequence of commands which modify data that is global throughout the whole program.
Disadvantages Difficult to manage once the program becomes large. Same sequence of statements are repeated at multiple places, if they are needed at multiple locations.
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Procedural Programming
report ysubdel. DATA : sal type p decimals 2 , itax type p decimals 2 , net_sal type p decimals 2. sal = 12000. PERFORM sub_calc_tax USING sal itax net_sal. sal = 3500. PERFORM sub_calc_tax USING sal itax net_sal. FORM sub_calc_tax USING P_SAL P_ITAX P_NET_SAL. IF p_sal lt 5000 . p_itax = 0. ELSE. p_itax = sal * '0.01'. ENDIF. p_net_sal = p_sal - p_itax.
A procedure call is used to invoke the procedure. After the sequence is processed, flow of control proceeds right after the position where the call was made.
write:/5 sal , itax , net_sal.

2005 Intelligroup, Inc. ENDFORM.
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Evolutions in ABAP as a programming language

At the turn of the new century, ABAP completed a new stage in its evolution by ABAP/4 superseded by ABAP objects. Questions still unanswered: What are the implications by introducing ABAP objects? How did it superseded ABAP which is still catering customer needs anyways???? Did ABAP objects made ABAP/4 obsolete?
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Implications of introduction of ABAP Objects

ABAP objects and ABAP are inextricably linked. Drift from a structural programming approach towards Object oriented approach But to keep you comfortable, ABAP is still supported and allows you to use object-oriented elements. Questions Unanswered: Then why should I learn ABAP objects? Why dont I use the classical approach?
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Are ABAP Objects mandatory?

Continue our Technical consultancy career in SAP with out bottlenecks Should be able to provide solutions to heterogeneous kinds of client technical requirements related to Program involving in multiple functional requirements Reuse available Standard/Custom classes in ABAP
Business Server Pages GUI Control Framework Office Integration BADI, Workflow Generic Programming XML Transformations Email, Shared Objects, Persistent objects New ABAP Editor, Code Inspector, CATT
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Apart from the above

Simplicity Explicitness Maintainability Purified ABAP Scalability
Adopt the universal approach for modern programming
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Object Orientation What are Objects?

You interact with objects everyday Your car A customer The telephone An order
All objects contains state and behavior What they can do and what changes when they do
Software objects represent these as: Data ( like 4GL variables ) Methods
( like 4GL procedures)

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What's an Object and Class?

. Booch's object definition: An object has state, behavior, and identity; the structure and behavior of similar objects are defined in their common class; the terms instance and object are interchangeable. Ex: ICICI S.Acc#1111, ICICI S.Acc#1112, ICICI S.Acc#9999, . Booch's class definition: A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behavior. Ex: ICICI S.Acc.
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Some Classes & Their Objects

Maruthi 800 Rajas Maruthi, Prasads Maruthi, Ramanis Maruthi Steelcase, Coke, GE, BMS, Exxon, Hitachi, Hospira OR2643789, OR2643799 OR2643776, OR9999999 IndianTeam, Australian Team, SrilankanTeam IGA51097 etc.
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Customer
SalesOrder
Cricket Team
Your Desktop PC
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Object-oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming is a method of
implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class... Grady Booch
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Behavior, State & Identity

Behavior:{Methods} behavior is how an object acts and reacts, in terms of its state changes and message passing. State:{Attributes} ... encompasses all of the (usually static) properties of the object plus the (usually dynamic) values of each of these properties. . Identity:{Key} ... that property which distinguishes it from all other objects.
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Object-oriented Application Development

A way to design and build applications Objects bundle together data (state) and methods (behavior) Objects facilitate separating definition from implementation Much more than just syntax You might have already done object-oriented programming in the 4GL
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Sample Attributes & Methods

Class
CricketTeam
Attributes
Captain, VC, WC, FB1,FB2,FB3 SP1,SP2,SUB Account Number, Balance, CreditLimit CheckBooks
Methods
DoSingle,DoDouble DoBowl,DoCatch DoRunout,HitSix, Doplay,HitBowndary ATM_Transfer, E_transfer, Withdraw, Check_Credit_limit, Issue_check_book, Track_transactions
ICICI S.A.
Production
PO#,SSD,SED, Start_Production,End_pro ASD,AED,Com duction,Start_opr,Send_t p,CoOptn,Oper o_WS Etc 17 ,Workcenter

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Basic Object-oriented Principles

Abstraction
Encapsulation
Hierarchies
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Abstraction
Public View of an Object
Abstraction is used to manage complexity Focus on the essential characteristics Eliminate the details Find commonalities among objects
Defines the public contract

Public definition for users of the object The Outside view Independent of implementation
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Abstraction - Example
Object: Automobile
Start Stop Drive PumpFuel
What should an Automobile object do?
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Encapsulation
Hide Implementation Details
Encapsulation hides implementation

Promotes modular software design data and methods together Data access always done through methods Often called information hiding
Provides two kinds of protection:

State cannot be changed directly from outside Implementation can change without affecting users of the object
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Encapsulation - Example
Implementation
Object: Splendor
Outside View
EngineNum, Gear#, Fuel_MrtRd, SpeedometrRd StartEngine(), StopEngine(),Cosu mePetrol(), Move_Wheel()
Public methods of Splendor class
Start(), Stop() PumpFuel(), Change_gear()

Start(), Stop() PumpFuel(), Change_gear()

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Encapsulation - Example continued

Object: Splendor
EngineNum, Gear#, Fuel_MrtRd, SpeedometrRd StartEngine(),StopE ngine(),Consume_P etrol(), Move_Wheel() Start(), Stop() Pump_Fuel(), Change_gear()
Hmm... Id like to change Consume_petrol to Consume_diesel
Consume_fuel() calls Consume_Petrol( )

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Encapsulation - Example continued
Object: Splendor
EngineNum, Gear#, Fuel_MrtRd, SpeedometrRd StartEngine(), StopEngine(),Consu me_Diesel(), Move_Wheel())
Start(), Stop() Pump_Fuel(), Change_gear()
This change was easy because users of the object will not be affected.
Consume_fuel() calls Consume_Diesel( )

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Hierarchies Object Relationships

Define relationships between objects Objects defined in terms of other objects Allows state and behavior to be shared and specialized as necessary Encourages code reuse Two important hierarchy types: Inheritance Aggregation
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Hierarchies - Example
Automobile is a is a is a
2-Wheeler 3-Wheeler 4-Wheeler

2-Wheerler, 3-Wheeler and 4-Wheerler inherit from Automobile 2005 Intelligroup, Inc. (Inheritance)
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Hierarchies - Example
Automobile uses Engine (Aggregation)
Automobile
references Engine
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Summary : Object-oriented Principles

Abstraction Break up complex problem Focus on public view, commonalities Encapsulation Hide implementation details Package data and methods together Hierarchies Build new objects by combining or extending other objects
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ABAP Object Oriented Programming
Classes and objects are used to model real world entity. Methods inside the classes perform the functions. Data used by the classes are protected between them.
Class defined and implemented
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ABAP Object Oriented Programming
Defining a Referrence
Creating an Object
Method implementation
Calling a Method
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Comparison between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming Features Procedure Oriented approach Emphasis on tasks Object Oriented approach
Emphasis Modularization
Emphasis on data
Programs are divided Programs are organized into smaller programs into classes and objects known as functions and the functionalities are embedded into methods of a class. Most of the functions share global data Data can be hidden and cannot be accessed by external sources.
Data security
Extensibility
Relatively more time New data and functions consuming to modify can be easily added for extending existing whenever necessary 31 Confidential and proprietary functionality. 2012/11/26
Object Oriented Approach - key features
1. Better Programming Structure 2. Real world entity can be modeled very well 3.Stress on data security and access 4. Data encapsulation and abstraction 5. Reduction in code redundancy
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Summary-- Components of a Class
A Class basically contains the following:-
Attributes:- Any data,constants,types declared within a class form the

attribute of the class.
Methods:- Block of code, providing some functionality offered by the class.

Can be compared to function modules.
Events:- A mechanism set within a class which can help a class to trigger
methods of other class.
Interfaces:-Interfaces are independent structures that you can implement in

a class to extend the scope of that class.
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Object Oriented Design(OOD)

Five Major Steps 1. Identify the objects and their attributes 2. Identify the operations suffered by and required of each object 3. Establish the visibility of each object in relation to other objects 4. Establish the interface of each object 5. Implement each object
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Lets Design
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DAY 2
Classes
Classes are templates for objects. Conversely, you can say that the type of an object is the same as its class. components of the class describe the state and behavior of objects. Local and Global Classes: Classes in ABAP Objects can be declared either globally or locally. You define global classes and interfaces in the Class Builder (Transaction SE24) in the ABAP Workbench. They are stored centrally in class pools in the class library in the R/3 Repository.
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Classes
Local classes are defined within an ABAP program. Local classes and interfaces can only be used in the program in which they are defined. When you use a class in an ABAP program, the system first searches for a local class with the specified name. If it does not find one, it then looks for a global class. Apart from the visibility question, there is no difference between using a global class and using a local class. Certain restrictions apply when you define the interface of a global class, since the system must be able to guarantee that any program using an object of a global class can recognize the data type of each interface parameter.
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Classes
Defining Local Classes: A complete class definition consists of a declaration part and, if required, an implementation part. The declaration part of a class <class> CLASS <class> DEFINITION. ... ENDCLASS. It contains the declaration for all components (attributes, methods, events) of the class. The declaration part belongs to the global program data.
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Classes
If you declare methods in the declaration part of a class, you must also write an implementation part for it. This consists of a further statement block: CLASS <class> IMPLEMENTATION. ... ENDCLASS The implementation part of a local class is a processing block. Subsequent coding that is not itself part of a processing block is therefore not accessible.
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Defining Local Classes

REPORT YSUBOOPS17 . CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. data : w_num type i value 5. methods : m1. ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE:/5 'I am M1 in C1'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. START-OF-SELECTION. DATA : oref1 TYPE REF TO c1 . CREATE OBJECT : oref1. write:/5 oref1->w_num. CALL METHOD : oref1->m1 .
Defined in the global area of a local program :CLASS <class name> DEFINITION. .. ENDCLASS.
All the attributes , methods, events and interfaces are declared here.
Cannot be declared inside a subroutine/function module.
Class definition cannot be nested.

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Implementing Local Classes

REPORT YSUBOOPS17 . CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION.
Local class in a program is implemented as follows:-
ENDCLASS.
data : w_num type i value 5. IMPLEMENTATION. methods : m1. ..
CLASS <class name>
CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD M1. WRITE:/5 'I am M1 in C1'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. START-OF-SELECTION. CREATE OBJECT : oref1. write:/5 oref1->w_num. CALL METHOD : oref1->m1 .
ENDCLASS. Methods used by the class are described here.
A class can be implemented

At the end of the program( like subroutines). After the class definition.
DATA : oref1 TYPE REF TO c1 . If the latter is adopted, one must then assign
subsequent non-declarative statements explicitly to a processing block, such as START-OFSELECTION, so that they can be accessed.
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Different places of implementing class

Class implemented at the end of the program Class implemented after Definition
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Classes
Structure of a Class The following statements define the structure of a class: A class contains components Each component is assigned to a visibility section Classes implement methods
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Classes : Class Components

All components are declared in the declaration part of the class. When you define the class, each component is assigned to one of the three visibility sections, which define the external interface of the class. All of the components of a class are visible within the class. Instance components exist separately for each object in the class static components exist only once for the whole class, regardless of the number of instances. All components that you can declare in classes can also be declared in interfaces
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Attributes: Attributes are internal data fields within a class that can have any ABAP data type. The state of an object is determined by the contents of its attributes. One kind of attribute is the reference variable. Reference variables allow you to create and address objects. Instance Attributes: DATA Static Attributes : CLASS-DATA Static Attributes are accessible for the entire runtime of the class.
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Methods Methods are internal procedures in a class that define the behavior of an object. They can access all of the attributes of a class. This allows them to change the data content of an object. They are similar to function modules or procedures. The private attributes of a class can only be changed by methods in the same class. In Definition Part Instance Methods: METHODS . Instance Methods can access all the attributes of a class and can trigger all the events of a class. Static Methods : CLASS-METHODS . They can only access static attributes and trigger static events. In implementation Part. METHOD <meth>. ... ENDMETHOD.
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Special Methods: CONSTRUCTOR: Cannot call with CALL METHOD statement. Called automatically when you create an object CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR: Called when you first access the components of a class Events: Objects or classes can use events to trigger event handler methods in other objects or classes. When an event is triggered, any number of event handler methods can be called. the handler determines the events to which it wants to react. There does not have to be a handler method registered for every event.
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The events of a class can be triggered in the methods of the same class using the RAISE EVENT statement. The event handler methods can be of the same or a different class. FOR EVENT <evt> OF <class>. Addition Events have a similar parameter interface to methods, but only have output parameters. These parameters are passed by the trigger (RAISE EVENT statement) to the event handler method, which receives them as input parameters. The link between trigger and handler is established dynamically in a program using the SET HANDLER statement.
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The trigger and handlers can be objects or classes, depending on whether you have instance or static events and event handler methods. When an event is triggered, the corresponding event handler methods are executed in all registered handling classes. Instance Events: EVENTS keyword. An instance event can only be triggered in an instance method. Static Events : CLASS-EVENTS All methods (instance and static methods) can trigger static events. Static events are the only type of event that can be triggered in a static method.
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Types: You can define your own ABAP data types within a class using the TYPES statement. Types are not instance-specific, and exist once only for all of the objects in a class. Constants: Constants are special static attributes. You declare them using the CONSTANTS statement. Constants are not instance-specific
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Classes : Visibility Sections

You can divide the declaration part of a class into up to three visibility areas: CLASS <class> DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. ... PROTECTED SECTION. ... PRIVATE SECTION. ... ENDCLASS. They define the external interface of the class to its users Encapsulation : The public components of global classes may not be changed once you have released the class. As well as defining the visibility of an attribute, you can also protect it from changes using the READ-ONLY addition.
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Sections of a Class
CLASS C1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA: METHODS: EVENTS: PROTECTED SECTION. DATA: METHODS: EVENTS: PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: METHODS: EVENTS: ENDCLASS.
There is no default visibility section in a class. This sequence of visibility must be maintained in a class
A Class puts its components under three distinct sections:Public Section:- Components placed here form the external interface of the class they are visible to all users of the class as well as to methods within the class and to methods of subclasses* Protected Section:- Components placed in protected section are visible to the children of the class(subclass) as well as within the class Private Section:-Components 53 Confidential and proprietary 2012/11/26 placed here are accessible by the
Who can use a class?

Class itself Subclass of the class
Externa l user
REPORT YSUBOOPS17 . CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. data : w_num type i value 5. methods m1. ENDCLASS.
class c2 definition inheriting from c1. public section . methods : m2. endclass. class c2 implementation.
START-OF-SELECTION. DATA : oref1 TYPE REF TO c1 , oref2 type ref to c2 . CREATE OBJECT : oref1. write:/5 As an user ' , oref1->w_num. Call method oref1->m1. Call method oref2->m2.
CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. method m1. write:/5 From class : ' , w_num. endmethod. ENDCLASS.
method m2. write:/5 From subclass' , w_num . endmethod. endclass.
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Classes
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Classes
REPORT demo_class_counter . CLASS counter DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: set IMPORTING value(set_value) TYPE i, increment, get EXPORTING value(get_value) TYPE i. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA count TYPE i. ENDCLASS. CLASS counter IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD set. count = set_value. ENDMETHOD. METHOD increment. ADD 1 TO count. ENDMETHOD. METHOD get. get_value = count. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. DATA number TYPE i VALUE 5. DATA cnt TYPE REF TO counter. START-OF-SELECTION. CREATE OBJECT cnt. CALL METHOD cnt->set EXPORTING set_value = number. DO 3 TIMES. CALL METHOD cnt->increment. ENDDO. CALL METHOD cnt->get IMPORTING get_value = number. WRITE number.
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Two Additions in Local Class Definition

Addition 1 : CLASS class DEFINITION DEFERRED. Used to refer to a class at some point in a code and the class is not defined before the line.
CLASS C2 DEFINITION DEFERRED. CLASS C1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA O2 TYPE REF TO C2. ENDCLASS. CLASS C2 DEFINITION. start-of-selection. data : obj1 type ref to C1. CREATE OBJECT obj1. create object obj1->o2. write:/5 obj1->o2->num .
public section.
data : num type i value 5. ENDCLASS.
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Two Additions in Local Class Definition

Addition 2 : CLASS class DEFINITION LOAD The compiler normally loads the description of a global class from the class library the first time you use the class in your program . However, if the first access to a global class in a program is to its static components or in the definition of an event handler method , you must load it explicitly using the statement CLASS class DEFINITION LOAD. This variant has no corresponding ENDCLASS statement.
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CREATE PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE ADDITIONS

Syntax : CLASS <classname> DEFINITION [CREATE PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE]
CREATE PUBLIC addition is implicit in every class definition if the other CREATE
additions are not used. It defines the default state, that is, that every user can create instances of the class.
Addition of CREATE PROTECTED means the class can only be instantiated by itself or its subclass.
Addition of CREATE PRIVATE means the class can only instantiate itself or the friends of the class can instantiate it.
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Object Handling
Each object has a unique identity and its own attributes. Object References To access an object from an ABAP program, you use object references. Object references are pointers to objects. In ABAP, they are always contained in reference variables. A reference variable that points to an object knows the identity of that object. Users cannot access the identity of the object directly. Reference variable can occur as a component of a structure or internal table as well as on its own. There are two principal types of references: Class references and interface references
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Object Handling
... TYPE REF TO <class> Creating Objects CREATE OBJECT <cref>. Addressing the Components of Objects: You can access the instance components of an object using references in reference variables only. To access an attribute <attr>: <ref>-><attr> To call a method : CALL METHOD <ref>-><meth> You can access static components using the class name as well as the reference variable. It is also possible to address the static components of a class before an object has been created.
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Object Handling
Addressing a static attribute <attr>: <class>=><attr> Calling a static method <meth>: CALL METHOD <class>=><meth> Within a class, you can use the self-reference ME to access the individual components: To access an attribute <attr> in the same class: ME><attr> To call a method <meth> in the same class: CALL METHOD ME-><meth> Self references allow an object to give other objects a reference to it. You can also access attributes in methods from within an object even if they are obscured by local attributes of the method.
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Object Handling
Assigning References When you assign a reference to a different reference variable, their types must be either compatible or convertible. <cref1> = <cref2> <cref1> and <cref2> refer to same class. <cref1> type ref to root class OBJECT. Inheritance & Interface situations. Class OBJECT is just a container. You cannot access components of class with OBJECT reference
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Object Handling
An object is in use by a program for as long as at least one reference points to it, or at least one method of the object is registered as an event handler. Automatic garbage collection Object Names in debugger
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Object Handling
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Declaring and Calling Methods

Declaring Methods : You can declare methods in the declaration part of a class or in an interface. To declare instance methods, use the following statement: METHODS <meth> IMPORTING.. [VALUE(]<ii>[)] TYPE type [OPTIONAL].. EXPORTING.. [VALUE(]<ei>[)] TYPE type [OPTIONAL].. CHANGING.. [VALUE(]<ci>[)] TYPE type [OPTIONAL].. RETURNING VALUE(<r>) EXCEPTIONS.. <ei>.. and the appropriate additions. To declare static methods, use the following statement: CLASS-METHODS <meth>... Both statements have the same syntax. 66
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The default way of passing a parameter in a method is by reference. To pass a parameter by value, you must do so explicitly using the VALUE addition. The return value (RETURNING parameter) must always be passed explicitly as a value. If you use it, you cannot use EXPORTING or CHANGING parameters. You can use exception parameters (EXCEPTIONS) to allow the user to react to error situations when the method is executed.
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Implementing Methods : METHOD <meth>. ... ENDMETHOD. Static methods can work with only the static attributes of a class. Calling Methods : CALL METHOD <meth> EXPORTING... <ii> =.<f i>... IMPORTING... <ei> =.<g i>... CHANGING ... <ci> =.<f i>... RECEIVING r=h EXCEPTIONS... <ei> = rc i...
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Implementing Methods
All methods declared in the definition part of a class should be implemented in the implementation section of the class within the following block:METHOD <meth>. ... ENDMETHOD. One should not specify any interface parameters at the time of implementation, since these are defined in the method declaration. The interface parameters of a method behave like local variables within the method implementation. You can define additional local variables within a method using the DATA statement.
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Static Method
oLike any other class components , methods can be static or instance.
oTo declare static methods, use the following statement: CLASS-METHODS <meth>...
oStatic methods can have import and ( export/ changing parameters ) or returning parameters . It can also raise exceptions.
oStatic methods can only work with the static attributes of your class. Instance methods can work with both static and instance attributes. oOne can call a static method using an object of the class or directly using the class by class component selector.
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Within the implementation part of a class, use CALL METHOD <meth>... Visible instance & static methods can be called from outside the class using CALL METHOD <ref>-><meth>... Visible static methods can be called from outside the class using CALL METHOD <class>=><meth>... where <class> is the name of the relevant class. You need not import the output parameters into your program using the IMPORTING or RECEIVING addition. C
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If the interface of a method consists only of a single IMPORTING parameter, you can use CALL METHOD <method>( f). The actual parameter <f> is passed to the input parameters of the method. If the interface of a method consists only of IMPORTING parameters, you can use CALL METHOD <method>(....<ii> =.<f i>...).
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Dynamic Method Calls

Instance, self-referenced, and static methods can all be called dynamically; the class name for static methods can also be determined dynamically:
oref->(method) me->(method) class=>(method) (class)=>method (class)=>(method)

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Event Handler Methods : Event handler methods cannot be called using the CALL METHOD statement. Instead, they are triggered using events. You define a method as an event handler method using the addition ... FOR EVENT <evt> OF <cif>... in the METHODS or CLASS-METHODS statement. The interface may only consist of IMPORTING parameters. Each IMPORTING parameter must be an EXPORTING parameter of the event <evt> The attributes of the parameters are defined in the declaration of the event <evt> (EVENTS statement) and are adopted by the event handler method.
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Constructors: Constructors are special methods that cannot be called using CALL METHOD. They are called automatically by the system to set the starting state of a new object or class. Constructors are methods with a predefined name. To use them, you must declare them explicitly in the class. Instance constructor : You declare it in the public section as follows: METHODS CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING.. [VALUE(]<ii>[)] TYPE type [OPTIONAL].. EXCEPTIONS.. <ei>. and implement it in the implementation section like any other method.
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The system calls the instance constructor once for each instance of the class, directly after the object has been created in the CREATE OBJECT statement. You pass the parameters to the constructor and handle the exceptions in CREATE OBJECT stmt. static constructor : CLASS-METHODS CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. The static constructor has no parameters. The system calls the static constructor once for each class, before the class is accessed for the first time. The static constructor cannot therefore access the components of its own class.
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Instance Constructor
Executed once for each instance. Called automatically, immediately after the CREATE OBJECT statement. Can contain an interface with IMPORTING parameters and EXCEPTIONS , but cannot have any EXPORTING/CHANGING/RETURNING parameters .
The interfaces are defined using the same syntax as for normal methods in the METHODS statement. To transfer parameters and handle exceptions, use the EXPORTING and EXCEPTIONS additions to the CREATE OBJECT statement .
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Static Constructor
REPORT YSUBOOPS2. CLASS c1 DEFINITION . PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5. CLASS-METHODS:CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
Static methods, declared as CLASS-METHODS : CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR in the public section of the class definition and are also implemented in the implementation part. Has no interface parameters and cannot trigger exceptions. Executed once in each program. It is called automatically for the class before it is accessed for the first time - that is, before one of the following actions:
CREATE OBJECT obj from the class. Call a static method : [CALL METHOD] class=>meth. Registering a static event handler method using SET HANDLER class=>meth for obj. Registering an event handler method for a static event of the class class. Addressing a static attribute with class=>a.
ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.

WRITE:/5 'I am class constructor'.
ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. START-OF-SELECTION. WRITE:/5 C1=>NUM.
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Self-Reference
Internally, each method has an implicit selfreference variable, the reserved word me A method can access the components of its class simply by their name; however, It may use me simply for clarity If a method declares a local variable with the same name as one of the class components, to avoid ambiguity it must use me to address the variable originally belonging to the class. A method must use me to export a reference to itself (that is, its object)
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DAY 3
Inheritance
Inheritance allows you to derive a new class from an existing class. CLASS <subclass> DEFINITION INHERITING FROM <superclass>. The new class <subclass> inherits all of the components of the existing class <superclass>. However, only the public and protected components of the super class are visible in the subclass. You can declare private components in a subclass that have the same names as private components of the super class. Each class works with its own private components.
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Creating Subclass
Subclasses can be created from its superclass using the syntax:CLASS <subclass> DEFINITION INHERITING FROM <superclass>. Subclass inherits all the public and protected components of the superclass. Superclass should not be declared as a FINAL class.
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Inheritance
You can add new components to the subclass. This allows you to turn the subclass into a specialized version of the super class. A class can have more than one direct subclass, but it may only have one direct super class. This is called single inheritance. The root node of all inheritance trees in ABAP Objects is the predefined empty class OBJECT.
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Inheritance
Redefining Methods: you can use the REDEFINITION addition in the METHODS statement to redefine an inherited public or protected instance method in a subclass and make its function more specialized. The implementation of the redefinition in the subclass obscures the original implementation in the super class. Any reference that points to an object of the subclass uses the redefined method, even if the reference was defined with reference to the superclass. This particularly applies to the self-reference ME->. Within a redefined method, you can use the pseudo reference SUPER-> to access the obscured method.
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Modifying methods in subclass

To redefine a public/protected method of a superclass in one of its subclasses, use the syntax in the subclass definition:METHOD <method name> REDEFINITION
The interface and visibility of a method cannot be changed while redefining it.
The method declaration and implementation in the superclass is not affected when you redefine the method in a subclass.
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Inheritance
Abstract and Final Methods and Classes : An abstract method is defined in an abstract class and cannot be implemented in that class. A final method cannot be redefined in a subclass. References to Subclasses and Polymorphism: Reference variables defined with reference to a super class can also contain references to any of its subclasses. A reference variable defined with reference to a super class or an interface implemented by a super class can contain references to instances of any of its subclasses. Reference variable defined with reference to OBJECT can contain reference to any reference variable. CREATE OBJECT statement with type addition
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Abstract Methods and Classes

One cannot create an object from an abstract class. Only subclasses can be derived from them.
CLASS <classname> DEFINITION ABSTRACT.
Abstract methods cannot be implemented in the same class. Only the subclasses of that class can implement it.
METHODS <method_name> .ABSTRACT
Any class containing an abstract method has to be an abstract class. All subsequent subclasses that do not implement the method must also be abstract. To implement an abstract method in a subclass, one need to redefine this subclass using the REDEFINITION addition.
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Final Methods and Classes
Final classes cannot have subclasses. Only the class can be instantiated.
CLASS <classname> DEFINITION FINAL.
A final method cannot be redefined in subclasses

METHODS <method_name> .FINAL
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Inheritance
Inheritance and Static Attributes In terms of inheritance, static attributes are not assigned to a single class, but to a part of the inheritance tree. When you address a static attribute that belongs to part of an inheritance tree, you always address the class in which the attribute is declared, irrespective of the class you specify in the class selector. This is particularly important when you call the static constructors of classes in inheritance.
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Inheritance and Static Attributes

CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION . CLASS-DATA : num TYPE I VALUE 5 . ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. ENDCLASS. CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1. ENDCLASS. CLASS c2 IMPLEMENTATION. ENDCLASS. START-OF-SELECTION. c2=>num = 7. write:/5 c1=>num .
Static attributes only exist once in each inheritance tree. One can change them from outside the class using the class component selector with any class name, or within any class in which they are shared. They are visible in all classes in the inheritance tree.
Output :
7
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Inheritance
Inheritance and Constructors Every class has an Instance constructor called CONSTRUCTOR. Instance constructors of the various classes in an inheritance tree are fully independent of one another. You cannot redefine the instance constructor of a super class in a subclass The instance constructor of a subclass has to ensure that the instance constructors of all of its super classes are also called. To do this, the instance constructor of each subclass must contain a CALL METHOD SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR statement.
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Inheritance
Supplying values using CREATE OBJECT in inheritance Supplying values using CALL METHOD SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR in inheritance. The instance constructor of a subclass is divided into two parts by the CALL METHOD SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR statement. In the statements before the call, the constructor behaves like a static method In a constructor method, the methods of the subclasses of the class are not visible. ( REDEFINITION not effective ) Static Constructors
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Inheritance and Instance Constructors

Superclasses and/or subclasses can have explicit constructors of their own. Constructor of a subclass sometimes have to call the constructor of the superclass using : CALL METHOD : SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR depending on the following:Case Description Necessity of calling constructor of superclass by subclass Not required Not required Required Required 93
1 2 3 4
None of the superclass and subclass have explicit constructor. Superclass have explicit constructor, but subclass does not have any explicit constructor. Superclass does not have an explicit constructor, but subclass have one. Both the superclass and subclass have explicit constructor
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Polymorphism via Inheritance

class c1 definition. . . . . . . . endclass. class c1 implementation. . . . . . . endclass. class c2 definition inheriting from c1. . . . . . . endclass. class c2 implementation. . . . . . . . endclass. start-of-selection. data : oref1 type ref to c1, oref11 type ref to c1, oref2 type ref to c2. create object oref1 type c2 . create object oref2. oref11 = oref2. write:/5 oref1->num , oref11->num .
With inheritance, a reference variable defined with respect to a class may not only point to instances of that but also to instances of subclasses of the same. One can even create subclass objects using a reference variable typed with respect to a super class. Polymorphism through inheritance can be achieved by playing with static and dynamic type of a reference variable. Instances of a subclass may be used through the super class's interface. When this is done, a client can't access all components defined in the subclass, only those inherited from the respective super class.
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Inheritance
Inheritance Overview:
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Inheritance
Inheritance and Reference Variables
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Interfaces
Interfaces are independent structures that you can implement in a class to extend the scope of that class. a universal point of contact. They provide one of the pillars of polymorphism, since they allow a single method within an interface to behave differently in different classes. Global & Local Interfaces The definition of a local interface <intf> is enclosed in the statements: INTERFACE <intf>. ... ENDINTERFACE. The definition contains the declaration for all components (attributes, methods, events) of the interface. They automatically belong to the public section of the class in which the interface is implemented.
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Defining Interfaces
report ysubdel . interface i1. data : num type i . methods : meth1. endinterface. class c1 definition. public section. methods : meth1. interfaces : i1. endclass. class c1 implementation. method : meth1. write:/5 'I am meth1 in c1'. endmethod. method i1~meth1. write:/5 'I am meth1 from i1'. endmethod. endclass. start-of-selection. data : oref type ref to c1. create object oref. write:/5 oref->i1~num. call method oref->meth1. call method oref->i1~meth1.
Can be declared globally or locally within a program.
Locally declared in the global portion of a program using:INTERFACE <intf>. ... ENDINTERFACE. The definition contains the declaration for all components (attributes, methods, events) of the interface. Interfaces are included in the public section of a class. Interfaces do not have an implementation part, since their methods are implemented in the class that implements the interface.
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Interfaces
Interfaces do not have instances. To implement an interface in a class, use the statement INTERFACES <intf>. in the declaration part of the class. A component <icomp> of an interface <intf> can be addressed as though it were a member of the class under the name <intf~icomp>. Interface References Addressing Objects Using Interface References Using the class reference variable <cref>: To access an attribute <attr>: <cref>-><intf~attr> To call a method <meth>: CALL METHOD <cref>><intf~meth>
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Interfaces
Using the interface reference variable <iref>: To access an attribute <attr>: < iref>-><attr> To call a method <meth>: CALL METHOD <iref>-><meth> Addressing a constant <const>: < intf>=><const> (Cannot use class name). Addressing a static attribute <attr>: < class>=><intf~attr> Calling a static method <meth>: CALL METHOD <class>=><intf~meth> (Cannot use Interface method ). casting operator (?= ) <cref> ?= <iref> For the casting to be successful, the object to which <iref> points must be an object of the same class as the type of the class variable <cref>.
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DAY 4
Triggering and Handling Events

To trigger an event, a class must Declare the event in its declaration part Trigger the event in one of its methods EVENTS <evt> EXPORTING... VALUE(<ei>) TYPE type [OPTIONAL].. To declare static events, use the following statement: CLASS-EVENTS <evt>... Both statements have the same syntax.
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Triggering Events RAISE EVENT <evt> EXPORTING... <ei> = <fi>... The self-reference ME is automatically passed to the implicit parameter SENDER. Handling Events Events are handled using special methods. To handle an event, a method must 1. be defined as an event handler method for that event 2. be registered at runtime for the event.
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Declaring Event Handler Methods METHODS <meth> FOR EVENT <evt> OF <cif> IMPORTING.. <ei>.. The event handler method does not have to use all of the parameters passed in the RAISE EVENT statement. If you want the implicit parameter SENDER to be used as well, you must list it in the interface. Registering Event Handler Methods SET HANDLER... <hi>... [FOR]... Handler methods are executed in the order in which they were registered.
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Handler Table:
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What is an Exception?
An exception is a situation that occurs during the execution of an ABAP program, which renders a normal program continuation pointless. Exceptions can be detected at the time of program compilation or at runtime.If the exception detected at runtime is not handled properly by the program itself, we get a short dump and the execution terminates.
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Classification of Exceptions
Exceptions of various kinds can be broadly classified as :-
Exceptions that can be handled.

Exceptions that cannot be handled.
Exceptions that can be handled indicate error situations in the runtime

environment or in the ABAP program, in the case of which the program execution can be continued - by handling the exception in the ABAP program - without the system reaching a critical condition. If such a situation is not handled a runtime error will occur.
Exceptions that cannot be handled indicate critical error situations in

the runtime environment, which cannot be handled with/by ABAP means and always cause a runtime error. Database space problem can be an example of such category.
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Traditional Ways of Catching Runtime Exceptions

Areas In ABAP Brief Overview catch system-exceptions <exception_name> = <val>. ...... Endcatch. If sy-subrc = <val> . < exception handling statements> Endif. Creating exceptions for function module, raising them at appropriate points in the FM , assigning different sy-subrc values for each exceptions at the time of the FM call and later dealing with them. Creating different exceptions at the time of declaring methods, raising those exceptions within the method, assigning different sy-subrc values at the time of method call and later dealing with those values.
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In Methods
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What is Class-based exception handling?

In Class-based exceptions handling approach, exceptions are generally represented by objects of exception classes. There are pre-defined exception classes for error situations in the runtime environment . Users can also define own exception classes globally/locally, if required and can raise them using RAISE EXCEPTION statement. The runtime environment only causes exceptions that are based on predefined classes, while in ABAP programs one can use raise pre-defined as well as user-specific exception classes. Class-based exceptions are handled using the control structure TRY ... ENDTRY. Class-based exceptions in procedures can be propagated to the caller in the definition of the interface using the RAISING addition, if the exception is not to be handled in the procedure.
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TRYCATCHENDTRY
Class-based exceptions are handled using TRYCATCHENDTRY block. TRY.
< code to be checked for exception>
REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION.
DATA: i TYPE i VALUE 1. START-OF-SELECTION.
CATCH cx1 .cxn [ into ref].

< exception handling code>.
TRY.
i = i / 0. CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide. write:/5 'Divide by zero caught'. ENDTRY.
ENDTRY.
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Class-Based Exceptions SAP Exception Classes (2)

CX_STATIC_CHECK: For exceptions that have to be declared. This type should be chosen if you want to make sure that this exception is always dealt with and if a local exception handler has a chance to do something useful in an exception situation Corresponding exceptions must either be handled or forwarded explicitly with the RAISING addition and this is checked at syntax check CX_DYNAMIC_CHECK: For exceptions that do not have to be declared Exceptions must be handled or explicitly forwarded with the RAISING addition though this is not checked at syntax check. Exceptions of this type are checked at runtime only Useful for potential error situations that do not have to be handled, since the program logic can more or less exclude them. Example: cx_sy_zerodivide Most of the CX_SY_ exceptions inherit from this class CX_NO_CHECK: For exceptions that must not be declared (i.e. resource bottlenecks) Can be handled but not forwarded with RAISING. Otherwise will be 111 propagated through call chain automatically Not checked by syntax check or runtime processing proprietary 2005 Intelligroup, Inc. Confidential and 2012/11/26
SAP Exception Classes

SAP provided exception-classes are derived from the specific class CX_ROOT and have the prefix CX_. Exception classes are normal classes with one limitation:Apart from the constructor, no methods can be defined for them. However, CX_ROOT has some pre-defined methods available, which can then be inherited by all exception classes.
Component Name GET_TEXT GET_SOURCE_POSITION TEXTID (M)ethod/(A)ttrib ute M M A Description Returns a text description of the exception Returns the point at which the exception occurred Used to define different texts for exceptions of a particular exception class. Affects the result of the 112 method GET_TEXT.
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SAP Exception Classes

Component Name PREVIOUS (M)ethod/(A)ttri bute A Description If one exception is mapped to another, this attribute stores the original exception, which allows the system to build a chain of exceptions. Contains the name of the appropriate runtime error if the exception was triggered from the kernel. If the exception was raised using a RAISE EXCEPTION, this attribute is initial. Used to define different texts for exceptions of a particular exception class. Affects the result of the method GET_TEXT.
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KERNEL_ERRID
TEXTID
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Nested TryCatchEndtry Blocks

TRY. TRY.
Try block
CATCH cx_class INTO oref

Catch block
CATCH cx_class INTO oref

Try block Catch block
CLEANUP.
.
Cleanup block
ENDTRY.
CATCH cx_class INTO oref. CATCH cx_class INTO oref.
Catch block Catch block
CLEANUP.
. .
Cleanup block
ENDTRY. 2005 Intelligroup, Inc.
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CLEANUP
Report ysubdel. data : w_num type i. try. try . w_num = 5 / 0 . cleanup. write:/5 In cleanup. endtry . catch cx_sy_zerodivide. write:/5 Div. By zero!. endtry.
Used within a TRYENDTRY BLOCK , after all CATCH statements. Each TRY block can contain maximum of one CLEANUP area. Used to release the external resources when exception detected in a TRY block is not handled within the block , but is caught further up in the call hierarchy. Possible only in cases of nested TRY blocks.
In cleanup Div. by zero!
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Creating Local Exception Class in a program

To create a local exception class in a program and use it, follow the steps outlined below.
Step 1 :- Create a subclass from global exception class in your program.

REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION_3.
CLASS CX_SOME_EXCEPTION DEFINITION CX_STATIC_CHECK.

public section. methods : meth1. ENDCLASS.
INHERITING FROM
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Step 2 :- Implement methods of the subclass which will raise exception
CLASS CX_SOME_EXCEPTION IMPLEMENTATION. method : meth1. write:/5 'I am a method in exception'. endmethod. ENDCLASS.
Step 3 :- Define another class which will call the exception class.
CLASS SOME_CLASS DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: m1 raising cx_some_exception . ENDCLASS.
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Step 4 :- Implement the method of the other class which will raise exception of the locally declared exception class.
CLASS SOME_CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m1. RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE CX_SOME_EXCEPTION. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
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Step 5 :- Create an object of the other class and call its method which will raise the exception
DATA: c1 TYPE REF TO SOME_CLASS. START-OF-SELECTION. TRY. CREATE OBJECT c1. c1->m1( ). CATCH CX_some_exception. write:/5 'Exception caught'. ENDTRY.
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Class-Based Exceptions Debug Mode
Exception has occurred and has been handled
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Trigger point of exception
Display Exception Object

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Class-Based Exceptions Creating a

Global Exception Class (1)
Note Superclass and class type SE24 Enter class name Click Create
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Go to Methods Tab
Note the 2 attributes inherited from cx_root superclass textid Used to define different texts for exceptions of a particular class. Affects the result of method get_text previous If one exception is mapped to another, this attribute can store the original exception. If a runtime error occurs, the short dump contains the texts belonging to all the exceptions in the chain
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Double click on the constructor method to view code
Three methods are inherited from CX_ROOT get_text, get_longtext Returns the textual representation as a string, according to the system language of the exception get_source_position Returns the program name, include name, and line number reached where the exception was raised A constructor method is automatically generated
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Click on previous object button to return to methods tab
Call to the constructor of superclasses is automatically generated
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First add an attribute to the error class and activate the class
Then return to the methods tab and click on the constructor again
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Click on previous object button to return to methods tab
A line has been added to the constructor to initialize the new attribute. This attribute will be available in the error object at runtime and will contain the value that is passed to the constructor when the exception is raised
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Go to the Texts tab and add a text for the exception ID.
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Class-Based Exceptions Creating a Global
Exception Class
(8)
The texts are stored in the Online Text Repository (OTR). The exception object contains only a key that identifies the text (with system language) The default text has the same name as the name of the exception class, in this case ZCX_SOME_EXCEPTION. You might wish to create an alternate text for the exception. That text can be entered on this screen with a new exception ID and can be displayed by passing this value to the parameter textid of the exception constructor.
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After performing a syntax check and adding the texts to the OTR, return to the Attributes tab
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Dont forget to activate the object! Note that the text IDs have been added to the attributes page as class constants
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DAY 8
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5 Reasons OO Programming is better than Procedural Programming

Data Encapsulation Instantiation Code Reuse Interfaces Events
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3 Reasons ABAP Objects is Better ABAP

ABAP Objects is more Explicit and Simpler to Use. ABAP Objects has a Stricter Syntax Check in Classes. ABAP Objects Provides Access to New ABAP Technology.
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ABAP Objects is more Explicit and Simpler to Use

ABAP Objects is much simpler and less error-prone because : Classes contains attributes and methods. Objects are instances of Classes. Objects are addressed via references. Objects have clearly defined interfaces.
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Comparison between Procedural ABAP and Object oriented ABAP

Procedural ABAP
Contains Obsolete
Object Oriented ABAP Prohibits obsolete statements and additions. Requires implicit syntax completions to be explicit. Detecting and preventing incorrect data handling.
Statements. Supports Overlapping and and some specialized objects. Shows Implicit Behavior. Appears difficult to learn.
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Improve your Procedural Programming using ABAP Objects

Use methods as much as possible. Replace the use of Subroutines using static methods. Use function modules only when technically necessary. Disentangle procedural ABAP from ABAP Objects. Decouple screen programming from application programming. Never uncheck the Unicode checks active checkbox.
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Stricter Syntax Check
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Stricter Syntax Check
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Internal Tables definition
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Database access
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Explicit Typing
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Data Handling
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Unicode Restrictions
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Unicode Restrictions
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ABAP Objects Provides Access to New ABAP Technology

Frameworks for user dialogs such as SAP Control Framework (CFW), BSP , Desktop Office Integration (DOI) etc. Framework for persisting data in the database (Object Services) and Shared Objects (area classes). Service classes such as CL_GUI_FRONTEND_SERVICES for working with data at the presentation server. Language related classes such as Run Time Type Services (RTTS), or CL_ABAP_EXPIMP subclasses for extended IMPORT/EXPORT functionality.
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Thank You

ABAP Objects 1

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ABAP Objects October,2005

Evolutions in ABAP as a programming language

Different approaches of Programming

Characteristics Consists of only one main program.

2005 Intelligroup, Inc.

write:/5 sal , itax , net_sal.

Evolutions in ABAP as a programming language

Implications of introduction of ABAP Objects

Are ABAP Objects mandatory?

Apart from the above

Adopt the universal approach for modern programming

Object Orientation What are Objects?

( like 4GL procedures)

What's an Object and Class?

Some Classes & Their Objects

Behavior, State & Identity

Object-oriented Application Development

Sample Attributes & Methods

PO#,SSD,SED, Start_Production,End_pro ASD,AED,Com duction,Start_opr,Send_t p,CoOptn,Oper o_WS Etc 17 ,Workcenter

2005 Intelligroup, Inc.

Basic Object-oriented Principles

Defines the public contract

What should an Automobile object do?

Encapsulation hides implementation

Provides two kinds of protection:

EngineNum, Gear#, Fuel_MrtRd, SpeedometrRd StartEngine(), StopEngine(),Cosu mePetrol(), Move_Wheel()

Public methods of Splendor class

Start(), Stop() PumpFuel(), Change_gear()

Start(), Stop() PumpFuel(), Change_gear()

Encapsulation - Example continued

Hmm... Id like to change Consume_petrol to Consume_diesel

Consume_fuel() calls Consume_Petrol( )

Encapsulation - Example continued

Consume_fuel() calls Consume_Diesel( )

Hierarchies Object Relationships

2-Wheeler 3-Wheeler 4-Wheeler

Summary : Object-oriented Principles

ABAP Object Oriented Programming

Class defined and implemented

ABAP Object Oriented Programming

2005 Intelligroup, Inc.

Object Oriented Approach - key features

Summary-- Components of a Class

A Class basically contains the following:-

Attributes:- Any data,constants,types declared within a class form the

Methods:- Block of code, providing some functionality offered by the class.

Interfaces:-Interfaces are independent structures that you can implement in

Object Oriented Design(OOD)

2005 Intelligroup, Inc.

Confidential and Proprietary

Defining Local Classes

Class definition cannot be nested.

2005 Intelligroup, Inc.

Confidential and proprietary

Implementing Local Classes

Local class in a program is implemented as follows:-

data : w_num type i value 5. IMPLEMENTATION. methods : m1. ..

CLASS <class name>

ENDCLASS. Methods used by the class are described here.

A class can be implemented

Different places of implementing class

Classes : Class Components

Classes : Class Components