Heredity

7th Grade November14, 2012

DNA
Cells use codes stored in its hereditary material The code is DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains information for the organisms growth and function

DNA

When the cell divides DNA is copied and passed to the new cells A DNA model resembles a twisted ladder Each side of the ladder is made of sugar phosphate Each molecule contains the sugar deoxyribose and phosphate The rungs of the ladder are made of nitrogen bases

DNA
DNA model

DNA
DNA has four nitrogen bases Adenine--A Guanine--G Cytosine--C Thymine--T

DNA
Adenine always pairs with Thymine Guanine and Cytosine Each only bonds with its partner

DNA
When the DNA is copied, the sides of the ladder unwind and separate THE new duplicated DNA has identical bases as the original

DNA

THE DNA in your cells stores the instructions for making proteins that give your characteristics Gene-instructions for making specific proteinswhich is a section of DNA on a chromosome Each chromosome contains hundreds of genes

Genes are in the nucleus Proteins are made on ribosomes in the cytoplasm The codes for making proteins are carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes by a nucleic acid called ribonucleic acid or RNA

THE RNA ladder is a little different Aadenine Gguanine Ccytosine Uuracil So the sugar phosphate molecules contain ribose and not deoxyribose

Three kinds of RNA made from DNA are: Messenger RNAmRNA Ribosomal RNArRNA Transfer RNAtRNA

Proteins are produced in the cytoplasm when mRNA is in there Ribosomes attach to it which is the rRna Transfer RNA molecules in the cytoplasm bring the amino acids to the ribosomes Inside the ribosomes, the nitrogen bases of mRNA attach with the tRNA This is the beginning of the protein

Mutations occur when the DNA is copied If the DNA is not copied exactly, the proteins are not copied correctly The mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence Mutations are not always life threatening

Chromosome examples
Some examples of what is contained on chromosomes; Chromosome 1 contains alzheimers, glaucoma, breast cancer Among thousands of others

Heredity
Trait is a characteristic Characteristics make you unique Organisms are a collection of traits from their parents Heredity-passing of traits from parent to offspring

Alleles-forms of a trait that makes up the gene pair An allele is the form of a gene that is located on the chromosome EX: T for tall and t for short

Genetics- the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles

Hybridsmixed Different genetic information or different alleles for a trait from each parent Pure breed or pure traitproduces the same genetic traits generation after generation

Incomplete dominance-2 homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype EX: red and white--pink

Hybrid Twins

Dominant-the gene that shows up. It is the gene that covers up the other (recessive) gene Recessive-the gene that gets covered up, or the gene that disappears. Recessive genes show up when both parents possess 1 recessive gene each and pass that gene along to the offspring.

Dominant is represented by UPPERCASE alphabet Recessive is represented by lowercase alphabet

Dominant-Recessive

Dominant/Recessive Genes

Traits

Probability-helps predict the chances that something will occur To make predictions about offspring Mendel used a Punnett Square

Punnett Square-letters represent dominant and recessive genes and are used to predict offspring results

Characteristicor traitwhat makes you unique Phenotypethe physical characteristics of an offspring or organism Physical characteristicshair color, eye color, tall or short, color, widows peak, hitchhikers thumb, etc.

Genotype-the genetic makeup of an organism or individual EX; homozygous tallTT EX: homozygous shorttt EX: heterozygous tallTt

MOST cells in your body have 2 alleles for each trait Alleles are located on the similar pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell Height with height Widows peak with widows peak

Homozygous- homo means same Homozygous organism with same alleles for a trait EX: TallTT EX: shorttt The alleles are the sameboth are expressed as uppercase or both lowercase

Heterozygous hetero different Heterozygous two different alleles for a trait EX: heterozygous tallTt

Carries

a gene for tall and one for short The one that is the uppercaseis represented as dominant and will be the gene that is expressed in the offspring

EX: widows peak Pp

The

uppercase P is dominant and shows the individual will have the widows peak even if the other parent demonstrates a recessive gene The heterozygous alleles are one uppercase and one lowercase

Examples of Punnett Squaresget from board as we do examples The punnett squares use genotypes form each parent to demonstrate possible offspring produced by the parents

Principles of heredity Traits

are controlled by alleles on chromosomes An alleles effect is dominant or recessive When a pair of chromosomes separate during meiosis, the different alleles for a trait move into separate sex cells

Incomplete dominanceoffspring of two homozygous (same) parents show an intermediate phenotype (physical characteristic). It is an inheritance EX: flower color of some plants EX: coat color of horse breeds

Incomplete Dominance

Multiple allelestrait that is controlled by more than 2 alleles Can produce many different phenotypes of a trait EX: blood types There are 4 phenotypes-A, B, AB, O

If a person has AB blood, they received an A and B allele O can be recessive to A and B If a person is phenotype A blood- the genotype will be AA or AO (depends on what each parent passes along) If a person is phenotype B blood- the genotype will be BB or BO

If a person has phenotype Othey have the genotype 00 Do punnett squares to reflect blood type

Blood Typing

Polygenetic Inheritancewhen a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait Many traits are affected by polygenetic inheritance such as skin color, eye color, hair color Environment also plays a role in the genes that are expressed

Some people have genes that make them more prone to certain types of cancers external factors may increase this risk

Mutationmistake that occurs when the DNA is copied If the DNA is not copied correctly, the proteins which are made from the instructions may not be made correctly The mutation can result in a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome of a cell

Not all mutations are harmful, some do not have any effects on the offspring or organism If an incorrect number of chromosomes are inherited, problems can occur If there is a problem with meiosis, then a new organism with fewer or more chromosomes than normal can result

Humans have 46 chromosomes which are arranged in 23 pairs. If a person inherits three copies of chromosome 21, instead of two, the result is downs syndrome

Too many chromosomes

Extra chromosomesdowns syndromeextra 21st chromosome Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18

Too few chromosomes

Turners syndrome Triple X Klinefelter syndrome Cri-du-chat-cat cry Prader willi syndrome

Recessive genetic disorders-both parents have a recessive allele for the disorder The parents would be heterozygous (different) and would not show the symptoms But if they both pass along the recessive gene for the disorder-the offspring ends up with the disorder

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive homozygous disorder

Recessive Genetic Disorder

Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Anemia Tay-Sachs disease PKU Growth hormone deficiency Werners syndrome

Sex linked disordersthe allele is on a sex chromosomeX or Y Red green color blindness is a sex linked disorder because the related gene is on the X chromosome

Color blindness Normal male is XY Color blind male is XcY Normal Female is XX Color blind carrierfemale is XcX Color Blind FEMALE--XcXc

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Fragile X syndrome Hemophilia Color blindness

XX-female XY-male Egg produced by the female contains one X chromosome Males produce sperm that has either an X or Y chromosome

The mother passes along an X chromosome for sex If the father passes along an X the result is a femaleXX If the father passes along a Y the result is a maleXY

If one chromosome in a pair is missingit is called monosomy When an extra chromosome is present is is trisomy

Klinefelters syndromemale gets an additional X chromosome Turners syndrome-female only gets one x chromosome

Stem Cells and Cloning

Stem Cells Cloning

Utah Genetics

Utah Genetics--home pageRecessive and Dominant Traits

Dominant and Recessive Traits