START WITH THE NAME OF ALLAH WHO IS MOST REHMAN AND RAHEEM

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

By ENGINEER SARFRAZ AHEER

CONCRETE
1.What is concrete? 2.Method of preparation of concrete? 3.Pouring of concrete?

4.curing of concrete?

1.Concrete: Concrete is the composite material consist of binding material and inert material with suitable proportions with addition of water where as binding material may be cement or lime and inert material may be fine aggregate ( sand, surkhi) and coarse aggregate (crushed stone, gravel or broken bricks) are used. The water reacts with the cement and form a cement paste (cement gel) by process of hydration, which bonds the other components and form a hard mass. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength(because as the coarse aggregate efficiently carries the compression load). But concrete is much lower in tensile strength (because tensile strength gain by steel members and without reinforcement only concrete in is week in tensile. infact concrete has 10% tensile strength to its compressive strength. Freshly prepared concrete till it has not set is called wet concrete while after it has thoroughly set and fully hardened is called set concrete or just concrete. Aggregates used as bulk in concrete in which finer particles play its role to filling the spaces and coarser particles play role in providing compressive strength. concrete without reinforcement is called plain concrete. Concrete having reinforcement called as reinforced concrete. Concrete are of named according to binding material is used, such as lime concrete due to lime as binding material and cement concrete as cement as binding material.

2.Method of preparation of concrete?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Material selection Batching of ingredients Mixing on concrete Placing/pouring of concrete Compaction Curing

1.Material selection:- The material selected for making concrete must be of good quality to get the proper strength. Cement must satisfy all the requirements, however for special project different type of cement is selected as active material. Cement is hygroscopic material it attract and absorb water quickly and set. And other material must also fulfill the requirements, aggregates size and quality and reinforcement and water. 2.Batching of ingredients:- The batching is the process of measuring and combining . the ingredients of concrete (cement, water, sand, aggregates)...as per the mix design. Weighing or measuring the volume of the ingredients of a batch of concrete or mortar and then introducing these ingredients into a mixer. This is done by two method either by volume (cubic unit)or by weight(kg).

3.Mixing on concrete:The mixing of concrete done by means of machines called concrete mixer Or by manual/hand mixing. In this process all the ingredients are mixed with water and and mixed for considerable time. The mixing done by Machine is costly than hand mixing.

4.Placing/pouring of concrete:After mixing the concrete with water it is transported to the place of laying, usually transportation depend upon nature of work, it must be used within 30 minutes.(before the initial setting time start) by laying/pouring them in proper place and spreading them in member and then leveling its surface. Concrete should not dropped from height, its would cause segregation. Only so much quantity of material is prepared which can used in 30 minutes. In no case should cement be remixed with water and used after 30 minutes. 5.Compaction:This process densify the concrete layer by means of rodding to remove the voids for getting increased strength. Steel rods, trowling or vibrators are used to compact /to make dense the concrete. Some times surface vibrators or internal vibrators are used in special works.

Curing:The process of controlling moisture loss during cement hydration. Or keeping the concrete surface wet to enable it to attain the full strength is called curing. The main purpose of curing is to prevent the loss of moisture from concrete. Curing structure cured up to 4 weeks provided maximum strength. To prevent concrete structure from loss of moisture surface of concrete is sprinkled by water for maximum 28 days or coated with of water proofing course layer. Ponding, wet covering, water proof membrane, sprinkling all are methods to prevent the loss of moisture for concrete.