INT 383 CAD/CAM

Intro to CNC Programming

What CNC Needs

Preparatory information:
Units Positioning information
Absolute Incremental

Coordinates
X, Y, Z XZ, YZ
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What CNC Needs

Machining parameters
Feed rates Spindle speeds

Coolant control
On or off Flood or mist

Tool control
Tool type Tool parameters
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What CNC Needs

Cycle functions (type of action required) Miscellaneous control
Spindle
Off On

Direction of rotation
Clockwise Counter-clockwise
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Cartesian Coordinate System

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Right Hand Rule

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Lathe Coordinate System

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Mill Coordinate System

Vertical Motion

Longitudinal Motion Transverse Motion

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Milling Tool System

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Cartesian Plane System

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Absolute Coordinates

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Incremental Coordinates

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Letter Codes
Instructions consist of a letter followed by a number Each letter indicated a specific type of action or information for the machine.
Letters used: N, G, X, Y, Z, I, J, K, F, S, T, M, R

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Letter Codes (G & M Codes)

G-codes are preparatory functions that involve actual tool movement M-codes are miscellaneous functions that involve action necessary for machining:
spindle on/off coolant on/off

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One block or command line

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Letter Codes (G codes)

G00 Rapid Traverse G01 Linear Interpolation G02 Circular Interpolation G03 - Circular Interpolation G17 XY Plane G18 XZ Plane G19 YZ Plane G20 Inch G21 Metric G40 Cutter comp cancel G41 Cutter comp left G42 Cutter comp right G43 Tool length positive G44 - Tool length negative G49 - Tool length cancel G80 Cancel canned cycle G81 Drilling cycle G84 Tapping cycle G90 Absolute mode G91 Incremental mode G98 Retraction to withdrawal plane
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Letter Codes (M codes)

M00 Program stop (pause) M01 Optional program stop M02 Program end M03 Spindle on CW M04 Spindle on CCW M05 Spindle stop M06 Tool change M08 Coolant on M09 Coolant off M30 Program stop

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M Codes

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N-codes
N-codes give an identifying number for each block of information. Increment lines by 5 or 10 Not necessary for machine

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Letter Codes (X, Y & Z Codes)

X, Y & Z codes are used to specify the coordinate axis. Number following code defines the coordinate at the end of the move. May require a specific format depending on the controller.

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Breaking down the code

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Dimension words

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Feed rate (F Code)

Feed rate is the rate at which the cutting tool moves along a programming axis. (in/min)
Specified as: Fxx
F10. specifies feed rate of 10 in/min (ipm)

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CNC Program Format

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Phases of Programming
Phase 1 Program Setup
Phase 2 Material Removal Phase 3 Program Shutdown

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Phase 1

Program Setup
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Program Number
All CNC programs require a program number. Used to identify specific programs. Allows the multiple storage of programs in memory. Program number usually has an O followed by a 4 digit number. EX: O1025
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Safe lines
Safe lines are used to establish the operating parameters of the program and cancel unwanted information from previous programs. Setup line first line of the program that will establish:
Plane selection Programming system Coordinate mode
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Sample Program
%O1000 N5 G00 G17 G20 G90 (setup) N10 G40 G49 G80 G98 (cancellation) N15 G43 H5 M06 T2
G17 can be replaced with G18 or G19 G20 can be replaced with G21 G90 can be replaced with G91
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Safe Lines
Cancellation line is used to cancel any information from a previous program. Second line of a program and contains:
Cutter compensation cancel Tool length offset cancel Canned cycle cancel Return to reference position

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Cancellation Line
%O1000 N5 G00 G17 G20 G90 (setup) N10 G40 G49 G80 G98 (cancellation) N15 G43 H5 M06 T2 G40 Cancel cutter radius compensation G49 Cancel tool length compensation G80 Cancel canned cycle
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Phase 2

Material Removal
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Material Removal
N20 G00 X0 Y0 Z.1 M03 S2500 (rapid to XY 0 Z- .1 spindle on clockwise N25 G01 Z-.125 F10. (Feed 10 ipm into part .125) N30 G01 X0 Y2.5 (Feed in Y direction 2.5) N35 G00 Z1 (rapid to Z1)

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Phase 3

Program Shutdown
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Program Shutdown
N50 M05 (spindle off) N55 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0 (return to machine home) N60 M30 (program end, return to first line)

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Block Formatting
N100 G01 X1 Y1 Z.125 F10 Restriction on block programming
Can only contain one tool movement No more than 4 G-codes per line Only one feed rate per line Only one spindle speed per line Only one M-code per line

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Modal Codes
Most G-codes set the machine in a mode which will remain in effect until it is changed by another G-code.
Example: G00 and G01 are modal

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Modal Codes

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Modal Codes

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Putting it together

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