SIKLUS SEL

Suryana, S.Si. MP.

Kontinuitas kehidupan Didasarkan atas reproduksi sel atau pembelahan sel

Figure 12.1

100 m

(a) Reproduction. An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, is dividing into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual organism (LM).

 Organisme multiseluler tergantung pada pembelahan

sel untuk:
Perkembangan (dari sel yang terfertilisasi)
Pertumbuhan Repair
200 m 20 m

(b) Growth and development. This micrograph shows a sand dollar embryo shortly after the fertilized egg divided, forming two cells (LM). Figure 12.2 B, C

(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing bone marrow cells (arrow) will give rise to new blood cells (LM).

Semua organisme kompleks berasal dari a single fertilized egg. Melalui pembelahan sel, jumlah sel meningkat Sel kemudian terspesialisasi dan berubah menjadi fungsinya masing2

 Mitosis:

Tipe pembelahan sel

Growth, development & repair Asexual reproduction (yields identical cells) Occurs in somatic (body) cells

Meiosis:
Sexual reproduction (yields different cells) Occurs in specific reproductive cells

Phases of Mitosis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Pembelahan sel menghasilkan sel anak yang secara genetik identik Sel harus menduplikasikan material genetiknya
Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material, DNA

Distribution of Chromosomes During Cell Division

Pada persiapan cell division, DNA bereplikasi dan

kromosom memadat Tiap chromosome yang terduplikasi memiliki dua sister chromatids, yang berpisah selama cell division Sentromer merupakan daerah ceking dari chromosome yang terduplikasi, diaman dua chromatids terikat dengan dekat

metahase Anaphase prophase

Telophase Cytokinesis

1X
Figure 12.1

Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells

Sel menduplikasikan material genetik sebelum

membelah, utk memastikan bahwa tiap sel anak menerima copy DNA dengan tepat

A cells endowment of DNA (its genetic information) is called its genome Molekul DNA dalam sel ter-pack menjadi kromosom

 Setiap spesies eukariot memiliki sejumlah tertentu

kromosom pada nukleus Sel somatik (nonreproductive) memiliki 2 set kromosom Gamet (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) memiliki jumlah kromosom setengah jumlah kromosom sel somatik Kromosom eukaryotik terdiri dari kromatin, sebuah komplex DNA dan protein yang memampat selama pembelahan sel

0.5 m

A eukaryotic cell has multiple chromosomes, one of which is represented here. Before duplication, each chromosome has a single DNA molecule.

Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis)

Once duplicated, a chromosome consists of two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. Each chromatid contains a copy of the DNA molecule.

Centromere

Mechanical processes separate the sister chromatids into two chromosomes and distribute them to two daughter cells.
Figure 12.4

Sister Separation chromatids of sister chromatids

Centromeres

Sister chromatids

 Pembelahan sel pada eukariot terdiri dari:

Mitosis, the division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm

Gamet diproduksi dalam pembelahan sel yang disebut

meiosis Meiosis menghasilkan sel anak yang tidak identik dengan induk yaitu hanya memiliki 1 set kromosom

Pada pembelahan sel, fase mitosis bergantian dengan interfase

Pada tahun 1882, ahli anatomi Jerman Walther

Flemming mengembangkan pewarna untuk mengamati kromosom selama mitosis dan sitokinesis Bagi Flemming, terlihat sel tumbuh membesar Sekarang dapat diketahui banyak peristiwa kritis terjadi selama tahapan siklus sel

Fase-fase dalam siklus sel

Siklus sel terdiri dari Fase mitosis Interphase
G1 INTERPHASE

S (DNA synthesis)

Interphase G1 phase S phase G2 phase

G2

Figure 12.5

The mitotic phase

mitosis cytokinesis

Phases of the Cell Cycle

Siklus sel terdiri dari
Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in

preparation for cell division)

Interphase (terdiri dari sekitar 90% dari siklus sel) yang

dapat dibagi dalam sub fase:

G1 phase (first gap) S phase (synthesis) G2 phase (second gap)

 Mitosis terdiri dari 5 phases

Prophase Prometaphase

G2 OF INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

PROMETAPHASE

Centrosomes (with centriole pairs)

Chromatin (duplicated)

Early mitotic spindle

Aster Centromere

Fragments of nuclear envelope

Kinetochore Nonkinetochore microtubules

Figure 12.6

Nucleolus

Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Kinetochore microtubule

 Metaphase

Anaphase
Telophase

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Metaphase plate

Cleavage furrow

Nucleolus forming

Figure 12.6

Spindle

Centrosome at one spindle pole

Daughter chromosomes

Nuclear envelope forming

 The mitotic spindle

mikrotubul yang mengontrol pergerakan kromosom selama mitosis

Spindle muncul dari sentromer

spindle microtubules asters

 Perakitan spindle microtubules dimulai dari sentrosom

- microtubule organizing center Sentrosom bereplikasi membentuk dua sentrosom yang bermigrasi ke kutub yang berlawanan, dan spindle microtubules tumbuh dari sentrosom Aster (a radial array of short microtubules) muncul dari tiap sentrosom

The Spindle
Spindle memiliki struktur seperti web terbuat dari microtubule . Sangat penting pada mitosis karena mengatur kromosom untuk berada pada posisi yang benar

Mitotic center

A cell at metaphase

Microtubule

a spindle

 Some spindle microtubules

Berikatan dengan kinetochores chromosomes
Aster Sister chromatids Centrosome Metaphase Plate Kinetochores

Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochores microtubules Microtubules

0.5 m

Chromosomes

Figure 12.7

Centrosome
1 m

Chromosomes attached to spindle during nuclear division

Two kinds of microtubules

Kinetochore microtubules : berikatan dengan kinetochores chromosomes dan menggerakkan kromosom ke daerah metafase Nonkinetochores: overlap satu sama lain tetapi tidak berikatan dengan chromosome

1 m

 Pada anafase, sister chromatid berpisah

Dan bergerak sepanjang kinetochore microtubules

menuju arah berlawanan ujung sel

Kinetochore

Spindle pole

Figure 12.8

Initiation of Anaphase

 The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

Nonkinetechore microtubules from

opposite poles
Overlap and push against each

other, elongating the cell

In telophase
Genetically identical daughter

nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell

CYTOKINESIS
Division of the cytoplasm Mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus. Cytokinesis is the splitting of cytoplasm

It usually begins during ANAPHASE

 Pada sel hewan

Cytokinesis terjadi oleh proses yang disebut cleavage,

membentuk sebuah a cleavage furrow

Cleavage furrow

100 m

Contractile ring of microfilaments

Daughter cells

(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)

 Pada sel tumbuhan, selama cytokinesis

Terbentuk plat sel (cell plate)

Vesicles forming cell plate

Wall of patent cell

1 m

Cell plate

New cell wall

Daughter cells Figure 12.9 B (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)

 Mitosis in a plant cell

Nucleus
Chromatine Nucleolus condensing Chromosome

1 Prophase. The chromatin is condensing. The nucleolus is beginning to disappear. Although not yet visible in the micrograph, the mitotic spindle is staring to from.

2 Prometaphase. We now see discrete chromosomes; each consists of two identical sister chromatids. Later in prometaphase, the nuclear envelop will fragment.

Metaphase. The 4 spindle is complete, and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase. The 5 chromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the ends of cell as their kinetochore microtubles shorten.

Telophase. Daughter nuclei are forming. Meanwhile, cytokinesis has started: The cell plate, which will divided the cytoplasm in two, is growing toward the perimeter of the parent cell.

Figure 12.10

Purpose of Interphase to duplicate cell contents; 90% of the cells growth cycle Purpose of Mitosis to divide the genetic material into exact two halves Purpose of Cytokinesis to divide all other contents (except nucleus) into two cells

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission

In binary fission The bacterial chromosome replicates The two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

LE 12-11_1

Origin of replication E. coli cell Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell. Two copies of origin

Cell wall Plasma membrane

Bacterial chromosome

LE 12-11_2

Origin of replication E. coli cell Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell. Two copies of origin

Cell wall

Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome

Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell.

Origin

Origin

LE 12-11_3
Origin of replication E. coli cell Cell wall Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome

Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell. Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell.

Two copies of origin

Origin

Origin

Replication finishes. The plasma membrane grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited. Two daughter cells result.

A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary