Mechanism of Momentum Transport

By Amol Deshpande

04/08/2011

Transport Phenomena

Outline
Viscosity and Newtons Law of Viscosity Generalization of Newtons Law of viscosity Pressure and Temp dependence of viscosity Determination of viscosity
Gases Liquids

Convective momentum transport

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Transport Phenomena

Newtons Law of Viscosity

Example - Flow between two large parallel plates Expression
Flux of x momentum in y - direction

Momentum flux / Momentum transport Newtonian/Non-newtonian fluids Kinematic viscosity P & T effects on viscosity
Transport Phenomena

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Molecular Stress Tensor

Molecular Stress
Pressure Normal stresses Viscous (Shear) stresses

Representations

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Generalization of Newtons Law

Viscous stress (generalized) Time derivatives / Time integrals should not appear in the expression No viscous forces are present, if fluid is in a state of pure rotation Fluid is isotropic Generalized form

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Dilatational Viscosity (k)

Fluid dynamics problem it is discarded
Ideal mono-atomic gas : Incompressible liquid : k =0 Divergence is zero

Important in describing sound absorption in polyatomic gases and fluid dynamics of liquids containing gas bubbles

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Transport Phenomena

Viscosity T and P Dependence

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Viscosity
Critical viscosity

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Determination of Viscosity - Gases

Maxwells expression of viscosity

Rigid sphere model Viscosity is independent of P and proportional to sqrt(T) Gives good results for pressures upto 10 atms (T > Tc)

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Transport Phenomena

Determination of Viscosity - Gases

Chapman Enskog Equation
Intermolecular potential energy Empirical expression is Lennard-Jones potential (for non-polar gases) Lennard-Jones Parameters ( and )
Collision diameter, Characteristic energy (Eqs. 1.4-11, 12,13)

Collision integral for viscosity (Accounts for the details of the paths that the molecules take during binary collision)

Valid for Monatomic /Polyatomic gases Viscosity of gas mixtures

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Determination of Viscosity - Liquids

Based on kinetic theory of transport properties of monatomic liquids developed by Kirkwood and co-workers
h : Plancks constant N : Avogadros No V : Volume of a mole of a liquid Tb: Normal boiling point

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Transport Phenomena

Convective Momentum Transport

Momentum transport by bulk flow of the fluid Convective momentum flux vectors

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Transport Phenomena

Convective Momentum Transport

Convective momentum flux tensor vv

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Combined Momentum Flux

Used for setting up general momentum balances Interpretation
xy = combined flux of y-momentum across a surface perpendicular to x direction by molecular and convective mechanisms

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Examples
Determination of viscosity of gases at low density CO2 at 200C, 300C, 800C and at 1 atm.
Using Chapman-Enskog equation

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Problems

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Transport Phenomena