CONTINUOUS R. C.

BEAMS
Idealizations in structural analysis
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Span Rigidity of Supports Moment of Inertia (MI) of spans Loading Elastic methods of analysis

OUTLINE

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Idealization in span calculation Width of simple supports is taken as zero

1. SPAN

Concept of Effective span For simply supported beam or slab

For continuous beam or slab For cantilever For frame members

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Effective span for simply supported beams or members not built integrally with supports Clear span + Effective depth le = ln + d

1. SPAN

OR Centre-to-centre of supports le = l Whichever is LESS

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Effective span for continuous beams or slabs with support width < clear span/ 12 Clear span + Effective depth le = ln + d

1. SPAN

OR Centre-to-centre of supports le = l Whichever is LESS

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Effective span for continuous beams or slabs with support width > clear span/ 12 OR > 600 mm

1. SPAN

For end span with fixed end For end span with free en effective span = clear span le = ln + d/2 = ln + support width/2 le = ln

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1. SPAN

For end span with free en le = ln + d/2 = ln + support width/2

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Effective span for cantilever span is
For a cantilever span, the effective length is length to

For cantilever span of continuous beam, length to centre of support

1. SPAN

face of support + d/2

ln le = ln + d/2 l le = l

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1. SPAN

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Idealization in span calculation Supports are unyielding

2. Supports

Support sinking or rotation -> secondary forces Redistribution of BMs occurs

BM can become positive over continuous supports, and positive BM at centre increases Beam fails at support and then at centre Redistribution of BMs caused by support movement has to accounted in structural Analysis

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Idealization in stiffness MI remains constant throughout the span

3. STIFFNESS

Moment of Inertial (MI) at a section depends on Amount and location of reinforcement Extent of cracking Shape of concrete in compression

Relative stiffness (I/L)should be calculated consisten Gross section MI (Or) Transformed section MI (Or) Cracked section MI

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Idealization in loading The loads on all spans are known (fixed) values

4. LOADING

But,

The load values are only characteristic values

Live load may or may not be present on a span Change in loading on any portion can affect BMs and SF s on a given span

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So,

BMD is also characteristic (i.e., it has

4. LOADING

variability) Live load patterns that give worst effect should be considered Appropriate substitute frames are to be selected for the stress-resultant .

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Live Load Patterns For max. + ve moment in span S, load the span under consideration and also the alternate spans

4. LOADING

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Live Load Patterns For max. + ve moment at support P, unload spans on either side of the support P and load the alternate spans on either side

4. LOADING

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Live Load Patterns For max. - ve moment at support P and max. SF, Load adjacent spans on both sides of the support P and also the spans alternate to these

4. LOADING

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Live Load Patterns For max. - ve moment in span S, load the spans adjoining the span S

4. LOADING

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Moment redistribution in indeterminate beams Stages leading to collapse Equilibrium equations govern all stages Load Vs moments Design problem Where moment redistribution can be done? How much moment can be redistributed Numerical problems

OUTLINE

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Advantages of moment redistribution Assumptions in elastic analysis in moment redistribution Limitations on moment redistribution IS456 about moment redistribution Use of IS code coefficients (simplified method for moment redistribution analysis) Design for redistributed BMD

OUTLINE

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Distribution (shape) of BMD
P P

6PL/32

+
Elastic Bending Moment Diagram

5PL/32

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Redistribution (reshaping) of BMD
P

Plastic hinge

6PL/32 = Mp-

+
At first Plastic Hinge formation

5PL/32

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Redistribution (reshaping) of BMD
Pu Pu

6PL/32 = Mp-

Mp+

At collapse (Second Plastic Hinge formation)

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Equilibrium conditions
P P

L M+ 2M+ + M- = PL/2

R1 =

2M+/L M+ P- R1

M-

P- R1

2P- 2R1

At collapse (Second Plastic Hinge formation)

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Relation between moments and load
2M+ + M- = PL/2

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Need for BM Envelope

Elastic BMD Factored BMD Redistributed BMD

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Distribution of BMs (BMD)

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Redistributed BMD

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Steps in structural analysis for redistribution of moments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Perform Elastic Structural Analysis to get elastic BMD Mark the points of contra-flexure Reduce the maximum moment by x% Perform equilibrium analysis for getting redistributed BMD Obtain the points of contra-flexure Draw envelopes of (x times elastic BMD + redistributed BMD)

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example
Q. Draw the design bending moment diagram of the beam of a RC fixed beam clamped at both ends and carrying ultimate uniformly distributed load of 24 kN/m with full redistribution of 30 per cent as per IS 456.

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example - Question
Q. Draw envelope of the design moments of the two-span continuous beam shown in Fig. 15.38.7a, carrying characteristic live load of 35 kN/m in addition to its characteristic selfweight. The cross-section of the beam is 300 mm 700 mm.

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Load cases to be considered
Three load cases: 1. DL on both spans + LL on both spans 2. DL on both spans + LL on span AB only 3. DL on both spans + LL on span BC only Load Case 1

Load Case 2

Load Case 3 is a mirror image of Load case 2 . SO need not be considered separately

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Case 1 Elastic and redistributed BMDs

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Load Case 1 Points of contra-flexure

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Load Case 2 loading and elastic BMDs

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Load Case 2 Elastic BMD using MD
Member D.F F.E.M Balanced Moment Carry over Moment Balanced Moment Total Moment AB 1.0 + 322.0 - 322.0 BA 0.5 - 322.0 + 147.0 - 161.0 + 73.5 - 262.5 BC 0.5 + 28.0 + 147.0 + 14.0 + 73.5 + 262.5 CB 1.0 - 28.0 + 28.0 0.0

0.0

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Load Case 2 redistributed BMDs

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Illustrative Example Load Case 1 & 2 BMD Envelop
The envelop is drawn from x times elastic BMD s of case 1,2 and 3 + redistributed BMD of case 1,2 and 3)

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Advantages of moment redistribution 1. Gives realistic picture of the load carrying capacity of
2. 3. indeterminate structures Results in economical designs Designer gets some freedom to choose the design moments. This helps to avoid congested reinforcement designs

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Assumptions used in the concept of moment redistribution 1. Ultimate moments of resistance of the
2. section are Mu+ and MuNo premature shear failure occurs before the collapse load Moment curvature relation is idealized bilinear curve All sections have the same constant value of EI up to collapse Self-weight of the beam is negligible

3.
4. 5.

Conditions to be fulfilled to apply moment redistribution 1. Sufficient plastic rotations at critical sections
2. The extent of cracking should not affect the serviceability requirements

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
Assumptions used in Elastic analysis of beams 1. Moment of inertia (MI) does not vary within a span
2. 3. Supports do not yield Supports are knife-edged (i.e support width = zero)

Conditions to be fulfilled to use elastic analysis

(i.e use either gross section or transformed section for all spans) Support settlements are to be accounted in calculating elastic BMD The concept of effective length is to be used (Cl. 22.2 of IS456-2000)

1. In calculating the ratios of MI of adjacent spans, follow the same principl

2. 3.

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
IS Code stipulation

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MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
IS Code stipulation

CONTINUOUS R. C. BEAMS
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION

Simplified method based on IS Code coefficients