BY M.V.Ramana Murty Sch no: 072113101 M.

Tech(power system) 1

Purpose of Presentation:
Identify key challenges for all

transmission, distribution in maintaining voltage and reactive power control and reliability

Scope of Presentation:
Fundamentals of voltage and reactive power.
Relationship between voltage and overall reactive

power and overall system reliability.

Voltage & Reactive power planning And Assessment

Practices.

What is Reactive Power?

While active power is the energy supplied to run a motor, heat a

home, or illuminate an electric light bulb, reactive power provides the important function of regulating voltage.
If voltage on the system is not high enough, active power cannot be

supplied.
Reactive power is used to provide the voltage levels necessary for

active power to do useful work.

Reactive power is essential to move active power through the

transmission and distribution system to the customer.

How Are Voltages Controlled?

Voltages are controlled by providing sufficient reactive

power control margin to modulate and supply needs through:

Shunt capacitor and reactor compensations Dynamic compensation Proper voltage schedule of generation.

Voltages are controlled by predicting and correcting

reactive power demand from loads

Reactive Power Management and Control is Critical for Overall System Stability:

Voltage Must be Maintained Within Acceptable Levels:

Under normal system conditions, both peak or off peak load conditions, the voltages need to be maintained between 95% and 105% of the nominal. Low voltage conditions could result in equipment malfunctions: 1. Motor will stall, overheat or damage 2. Reactive power output of capacitors will be reduced exponentially 3. Generating units may trip. High voltage conditions may: 1. Damage major equipment insulation failure 2. Automatically trip major transmission equipment.

Reactive Power System Sources & Sinks:

Sources Transmission System Sinks

Synchronous Condensers & Generators

Line Charging (Source)

Synchronous Condensers & Generators Reactive Losses (Sink)

Capacitors
Reactive flow across interconnections

Reactive Load

Reactors
Reactive flow across interconnections

Voltage and Reactive Power:

Voltage and reactive power must be properly

managed and controlled to:

Provide adequate service quality Maintain proper stability of the power system.

Maintain Proper Stability of the Power System:

Voltage Collapse Phenomenon:

Inadequate reactive support

Which results in:

Voltage drops

Which results in:

Reduced reactive power from capacitors and line charging

Which results in:

Less reactive power support Which results in: Greater voltage drops
Which results in:

Tripping of generating units due to low auxiliary voltage level or TCUL actions or generator field current limiters

VOLTAGE COLLAPSE

August 14, 2003 Blackout:

Several Causes:
Sufficient voltage studies were not conducted.

Inadequate practices without correction were used.

August 14, 2003 Blackout

Conclusion:
The August 2003 Blackout study team concluded that inadequate voltage and reactive power planning were contributing factors to the incident. Remedy: voltage and reactive power planning and assessment practices to be implemented by electric utilities.

Voltage & Reactive Power Planning And Assessment Practices:

Key Principles:

Reactive power cannot be transmitted over a long distance or through power transformers due to excessive reactive power losses. Reactive power supply should be located in close proximity to its consumption. Sufficient static and dynamic voltage support is needed to maintain voltage levels within an acceptable range. Sufficient reactive power reserves must be available to regulate voltage at all times.

Voltage & Reactive Power Planning And Assessment Practices:

Key Implications:

Transmission and Distribution planners must determine in advance the required type and location of reactive correction. Reactive power devices must be maintained and functioning properly to ensure the correct amount of reactive compensation. Distribution reactive loads must be fully compensated before transmission reactive compensation is considered.

Transmitting Reactive Power:

Reactive power cannot be effectively transmitted across long distances or through power transformers due to high I2X losses.

Reactive Power Location:

Reactive power should be located in close proximity to its consumption.

Static vs. Dynamic Voltage Support:

The type of reactive compensation required is based on the time needed for voltage recovery. Static Compensation is ideal for second and minute responses. (capacitors, reactors, tap changes). Dynamic Compensation is ideal for instantaneous responses. (condensers, generators) A proper balance of static and dynamic voltage support is needed to maintain voltage levels within an acceptable range.

Reactive Reserves During Varying Operating Conditions:

Ideally, the system capacitors, reactors, and condensers should be operated to supply the normal reactive load. As the load increases or following a contingency, additional capacitors should be switched on or reactors removed to maintain acceptable system voltages. The reactive capability of the generators should be largely reserved for contingencies on the EHV system or to support voltages during extreme system operating conditions. Load shedding schemes must be implemented if a desired voltage is unattainable thru reactive power reserves.

Voltage Coordination:

The reactive sources must be coordinated to ensure that adequate voltages are maintained everywhere on the interconnected system during all possible system conditions. . The consequences of uncoordinated operations would include:

Increased reactive power losses A reduction in reactive margin available for contingencies and extreme light load conditions Excessive switching of shunt capacitors or reactors Increased probability of voltage collapse conditions.

Voltage and Reactive Power Control:

Requires the coordination work of all Transmission

and Distribution disciplines.

Transmission needs to:

Forecast the reactive demand and required reserve margin install the required type and location of reactive correction Maintain reactive devices for proper compensation Recommend the proper load shedding scheme if necessary.

Voltage and Reactive Power Control:

Distribution needs to:

Fully compensate distribution loads before Transmission reactive compensation is considered Maintain reactive devices for proper compensation Install and test automatic under voltage load shedding schemes.

REFERENCES:
1. Voltage and Reactive Power for Planning and Operation by Harrison K Clark 2 .F. C. Lu, Y. Y. Hsu, Reactive Power/ Voltage Control in a Distribution Substation , IEE Proceedings, Generation Transmission Distribution, Vol. 142, No. 6, November 1995. 3. T. Van Cutsem, T. and C. Vournas, voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

4. Q. H. Wu, et al., "Power System Optimal Reactive Power

Dispatch ",IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Vol. 10, No. 3, pp.1243- 1249,August 1995
5. H. Vu, et al., "An Improved Voltage Control on Large-Scale Power System, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.1295-1303, August 1996.