SAFETY MEASURES

WHAT IS A STANDARD ?
A standard is an agreed, repeatable way of doing something. It is a published document that contains a technical

specification or other precise criteria designed to be used

consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition. Standards help to make life simpler and to increase the reliability and the

effectiveness of many goods and services we use. Standards

are created by bringing together the experience and expertise of all interested parties such as the producers, sellers, buyers, users and of a particular material, product, process or service.

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
The various sources of electricity are :
Solar power Wind power

Tidal power
Thermal energy Nuclear energy Hydroelectric energy Gas turbine

Solar energy
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic cells (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use

lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of

sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cell converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Solar power plant In North America

SAFETY FEATURES
All solar electric panels should have durable connectors on the module. The connectors should be sturdy, and the method of attaching the wire should be simple, yet provide

a secure connection.
Most modules have sealed junction boxes to protect the connections. So before buying a solar electric panel, look at

the junction box and see if it is easy to make the connections.

A switch or circuit breaker as part of a combiner box should be installed to isolate the PV array during maintenance.

circuit breakers are normally installed to isolate each load. Fuses are used to protect any current carrying conductor. Fuses and cables in the array circuit should be sized to carry the maximum current that could be produced by short-term "cloud focusing" of the sunlight--up to 1.5 times the short circuit current at 1,000 w/m2 irradiance.

Slow-blow fuses or PV breakers are recommended. Only

fuses rated for dc current should be used. (Auto-motive fuses should not be used.) All metal in a solar panel array should be grounded to help protect the array against lightning surges, and The negative conductor is also grounded .

wind power
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power . A generator converts this mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses, and schools.
Top 10 countries by nameplate wind power capacity (2010) Country China United States Germany Spain India Italy France United Kingdom Canada Wind power capacity (MW) 44,733 40,180 27,215 20,676 13,066 5,797 5,660 5,204 4,008

Safety features
Dual disc brakes When the turbine control system detects any fault condition such as excess wind or a grid power loss, the disc braking system activates, shutting the turbine down

completely until the control system instructs the brakes to

release and the turbine to re-start. Aerodynamic stalling Advanced blade designs that shed

wind in excessive wind conditions in order to protect the

turbine from damage. Advanced computer control system Each turbine is

controlled by an on board computer system and the proprietary software application which manages all operational aspects of the

turbine such as power output (select units), cut-in, cut-out, fault

detection and pneumatic braking.

Tidal power
It can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water turbine in a tidal current, or by building impoundment pond dams that admit-or-release water through

a turbine. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas

compressor, that can then store energy until needed. In order for this to work well, you need large increases in tides.

An increase of at least 16 feet between low tide to high tide is

needed.

Thermal power . Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine
which drives an electrical generator which then generates

electricity.

on.

Safety features
Mechanical safety valve/system

Process alarm operator action.

Safety instrumented control system. Burner management system. Mitigation devices. Turbine protection. Interlock and protection devices.

NUCLEAR POWER
This energy is made by fusion or fission . It is produced in the reactor of a nuclear power station. The energy turns water into steam, which drives a turbine that powers a generator . Nuclear power produces lots of energy and can be made to power major cities. This energy, unlike other sources, produces lots of radioactive waste. If that waste

gets released, it could cause devastation to a large area. In addition, it warms its
waste water, so some fish, such as trout, cannot live in warm water.

Safety Objectives
Nuclear power plants are designed with two principal safety objectives in mind: 1. To contain fission products to prevent offsite health effects. 2. To ensure that heat generated by the reactor, including heat generated by the decay of fission products after reactor shutdown, is removed. The defence-in-depth approach ensures that any release of hazardous amounts of radioactive materials will be extremely unlikely. This approach uses three barriers to prevent the release of fission products from the reactor core to the environment. These consist of: 1. Fuel rods (fuel pellet and fuel cladding) 2. Reactor vessel and primary coolant system 3. Containment The first barrier designed to prevent an inadvertent release of radioactive material from the reactor core is the nuclear fuel rod itself. During normal operations, about 99 percent of all fission products remain trapped within the fuel's structure very near the point at which they were generated by fission.

The first barrier designed to prevent an inadvertent release of radioactive material from the reactor core is the nuclear fuel rod itself. During normal operations, about 99 percent of all fission products remain trapped within the fuel's structure very near the point at which they were generated by fission.

Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric energy is produced when water falls from a high place to a low
place. A hydroelectric power station contains a turbine driven by falling water from a dam. The turbine drives the generator. This form of energy produces little pollution; in addition, it does not ruin the water. The water still can be used for other purposes.

Hydroelectric power does not cost any more than fossil fuels.
Another advantage is that there are a lot of lakes or rivers where a dam can be built to produce energy. Another disadvantage is that when a dam is built, a huge area is flooded to make a lake, so the water displaces the people and animals living there.

SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform

any of several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps. Substations may be owned and operated by a transmission or generation electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two

different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the
distribution system became a grid

Elements of a substation A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side 1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building 11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines

MATERIALS USED IN A SUB-STATION

Poles are generally constructed with IRON(galvanized), CAST IRON ,CEMENT. SILICA GEL GRATER is connected to conservated tank or transformed tank where oil is stored. The oil stored in tanks releases moisture , this creates short circuit to prevent this SILICA GEL GRATER is used. Lightning arresters (LAS) are provided to avoid short circuit from lightning and thunders. Oil sacred breakers Vaccum type breakers Relays

SAFETY MEASURES

Sprinkler system is provided Sand buckets are used Fire stations should be constructed if the substation capacity is high. A gap of 20ft is provided between the machines. Alarm panels are provided.

SUBSTATION SAFETY FEATURES The installation should be carried out in accordance with approved drawings. Phase-to-phase and phase to earth clearances are provided as required. All equipment's are efficiently earthed and properly connected to the required number of earth electrodes. The required ground clearance to live terminals should be provided. Suitable fencing should be provided with gate with lockable arrangements. The required number of caution boards, fire fighting equipment's, operating rods, rubber mats, should be kept in sub station. In case of indoor sub station, sufficient ventilation and draining arrangements should be made. All cable trenches should be provided with non-inflammable covers. Free accessibility should be provided for all equipments for normal operation.

All name plates should be fixed and the equipment's should be fully painted. All construction materials and temporary connections should be removed. Oil-level, bus bar tightness, transformer tap position, should be in order. Earth pipe troughs and cover slabs are provided for earth electrodes/ earth pits and the neutral and LA earth pits should be marked for easy identification. Earth electrodes should be of GI pipes CI pipes or copper plates. For earth connections, brass bolts and nuts with lead washers are provided in the pipe/plates Earth pipe troughs and oil sumps/pits are free from rubbish and dirt and stone jelly and the earth connections should be visible and easily accessible. HT and LT panels are switch gears are all vermin and damp proof and all unused openings or holds should be blocked properly.

The earth busbars should have tight connections and corrosion free joint surfaces. Operating handle of protective device should be provided at an accessible height from ground. Adequate headroom should be available in the transformer room for easy topping up of oil, maintenance etc. Safety devices, horizontal and vertical barriers, busbar covers/shrouds, automatic safety shutters/doors interlock, handle interlock should be safe and reliable in operation of all panels and cubicles. Clearances in the front, rear and the sides of the main HV, MV and sub switch boards should be adequate. The switches should operate freely. Insulators should be free from cracks, should be clean. In transformers, there should not be any oil leak.

Connections to bushing in transformers for tightness and good contact. Bushings should be free from cracks and should be clean. Accessories of transformers like breathers, vent pipe, Buchholz relay should be in order. Connections to gas relay in transformers should be in order. Oil and winding temperature should be set for specific requirements in transformers. In case of cable cellars, adequate arrangements to pump out water that has entered due to seepage or other reasons. All incoming and outgoing circuits of HV and MV panels should be clearly labeled for identifications. No cable should be damaged. There should be adequate clearance around the equipment installed. Cable terminations should be proper.

LIST OF STANDARDS

IS NO: 8270(PART 1: 1976)

1885 (PART 16/SEC 3) 1967

(PART 17): 1979

TITLE: Guide for preparation of diagrams, charts and tables for electro technology: part 1 definitions and classifications. Electro technical vocabulary: lighting, section 3 lamps and auxiliary apparatus. Switch gear and control gear.

(PART 32): 1993 (PART 78): 1993

12032

(PART 6 ): 1987

(PART 7 ): 1987

(2) 7752 (PART 1);1975

Electrical cables Generation, transmission and distribution of electricityGeneral Graphical symbols for diagrams in the field of electro technology. Protection and conversion of electrical energy. Switchgear , control gear and protective devices. Guide for improvement of power factor in consumer installation: Part 1 low and medium supply voltages.

3) 5216

(PART 1):1982 (PART 2): 1982 (4) 10118 (PART 2): 1982

Recommendations on safety procedures and practices in electrical work. General Life saving techniques Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of switchgear and control gear: Part 2 selection. Code of practice for fire safety buildings(general): Electrical installations

(5) 1646 :1997

(6) 732:1989 1255:1983

(7)13947:1993 (8)2148:1981

(9)5578:1985

Code of practice for electrical wiring installations. Code of practice for installation and maintenance of power cables (up to and including 33 kV rating) Specification for low voltage switch gear and control gear. Specification for flame proof enclosures of electrical apparatus. Guide for marking of insulated conductors.

(10) 1777:1978 2206 (part 1):1984 (part 2):1976 3287:1965 3528:1966 4012:1967 4013:1967

Industrial luminaire with metal reflectors (1 R) Flame proof electric lighting fittings. Well glass and bulk head types(1R) Fittings using glass tubes. Industrial lighting fittings with plastic reflectors. Water proof electric lighting fittings Specification for watertight electric lighting fittings. Dust-tight electric lighting fittings

5077:1969 10322 (par 5/sec 5): 1987

(11) 8828:1996

13947

(part 1):1993 (Part 2 ):1993 (Part 3) : 1993

Decorative lighting out fits. Luminaires: part 5 particular requirements, section 5 flood lights. Electrical accessories-circuit breakers for over current protection for household and similar installations Specification for low voltage switch gear and control gear. General rules Circuit breakers Switches, disconnectors, swich disconnectors and fuse combination units

(part 4/sec 1): 1993

(part 5/ sec 1):1993

(12) 3961 (part 1): 1967

(part 2): 1967

(part 3): 1968

Contactors and motorstarters sec 1 electrotechnical contactors and motor starters Control circuit devices and switching elements, sec 1 electro-technical control circuit devices. Recommended current ratings for cables Paper insulated led sheathed cables. PVC insulated and PVC sheathed heavy duty cables. Rubber insulated cables

(13) 2086:1993

13703 (part 1): 1993

(14) 2672:1996

4347:1967

6665:1972
8030:1976

Specification for carriers and basis used in re wire able type electrical fuses for voltages up to 650V LV fuses for voltages not exceeding 1000V ac or 1500 dc : part 1 general requirements Code of practice for library lighting Code for practice for hospital lighting. Code of practice for industrial lighting Specification for luminaires for hospitals

(15) 732:1989 (16) 4648 : 1968 (17) 900: 1992

(18) 2412 : 19975

(19) 2667 : 1988

3419 : 1989 9537

Code of practice for electrical wiring installations (3 R) Guide for electrical layout in residential buildings. Code of practice for installation and maintenance of induction motors.(2 R) Link clips for electrical wiring (1 R) Fittings for rigid steel conduits for electrical wiring (1 R) Fittings for rigid non metallic conduits (2 R) Conduits for electrical installations

(part 1) : 1980 (part 2) : 1981 (part 3) : 1983

14772 : 2000

(20) 1913 (part 1) : 1978

(21) 1258 : 1987 (22) 148 : 1978

General requirements Rigid steel conduits Rigid plain conduits of insulating materials Specification for accessories for house hold and similar fixed electrical installations General and safety requirements for luminaires : part 1 tubular florescent lamps (2 R) Bayonet lamp holders (3 R) Tungsten filament general service electrical lamps (3 R)

1534 (part 1) : 1977

1569 : 1976

2215 : 1983

2418 (part 1) : 1977

Ballasts for florescent lamps : part 1 for switch start circuits (2 R) Capacitors for using tubular florescent high pressure mercury and low pressure sodium vapour discharge lamp circuit. (1 R) Specification for starters for florescent lamps (3 R) Specification for tubular florescent lamps for general lighting service Requirements and tests (1 R)

(part 2) : 1977 (part 3) : 1977 (part 4) : 1977 3323 : 1980 3324 : 1982

9900

Standard lamp data sheets (1 R) Dimensions of G5 and G13 ic-pin caps (1 R) Go and no-go gauges for G5 and G13 ic-pins caps (1 R) Bi-pin lamp holders for tubular florescent lamps (1 R) Holders for starters for tubular florescent lamps (1 R) Basic environmental testing procedures for electronic and electrical Items General

(part 1) : 1981

(part 2) : 1981 (part 3) : 1981 (part 4) : 1981 (23) 374:1979

(24) 3043 : 1987 (25) 8623 (part 1): 1993

(26) 10028 (part 2) : 1981

Cold test Dry heat test Damp test (steady state) Electric ceiling type fans and regulators (3 R) Code of practice for earthing Specification for low voltage switch gear and control gear assembles. Part 1 requirements for type tested and partially type tested assemblies (1 R) Code of practice for selection, installation, maintenance of transformers : part 2 installation

11353 : 1985

(27) 309 : 1989

Guide for uniform system of marking and identification of conductors and apparatus terminals Code of practice for protection of buildings and allied structures against lighting (2 R)