MOBILE COMPUTING

MODULATION

Modulation

Process of combining input signal and a carrier frequency at the transmitter Digital to analog modulation necessary if the medium only carries analog signal Analog to analog modulation needed to have effective transmission (otherwise the antenna needed to transmit original signal could be large) permits frequency division multiplexing

Modulation
Digital modulation digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband) ASK, FSK, PSK differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness Analog modulation shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier Motivation smaller antennas (e.g., /4) Frequency Division Multiplexing medium characteristics Basic schemes Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Modulation and demodulation

analog baseband signal

digital data 101101001

digital modulation

analog modulation

radio transmitter

radio carrier

analog demodulation

analog baseband signal

synchronization decision

digital data 101101001 radio receiver

radio carrier

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

ASK is the most simple digital modulation scheme Two binary values, 0 and 1, are represented by two different amplitude In wireless, a constant amplitude cannot be guaranteed, so ASK is typically not used

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

The simplest form of FSK is binary FSK assigns one frequency f1 to binary 1 and another frequency f2 binary 0 Simple way to implement is to switch between two oscillators one with f1 and the other with f2 The receiver can demodulate by having two bandpass filter

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Uses shifts in the phase of a signal to represent data Shifting the phase by 1800 each time data changes: called binary PSK The receiver must synchronize in frequency and phase with the transmitter

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Advanced Frequency Shift Keying

bandwidth needed for FSK depends on the distance between the carrier frequencies special pre-computation avoids sudden phase shifts MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) bit separated into even and odd bits, the duration of each bit is doubled depending on the bit values (even, odd) the higher or lower frequency, original or inverted is chosen the frequency of one carrier is twice the frequency of the other even higher bandwidth efficiency using a Gaussian low-pass filter GMSK (Gaussian MSK), used in GSM

Example of MSK
1 data even bits odd bits 0 1 1 0 1 0 bit even odd signal value 0101 0011 hnnh - - ++

low frequency

h: high frequency n: low frequency +: original signal -: inverted signal

high frequency

MSK signal

t No phase shifts!

Advanced Phase Shift Keying

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying): bit value 0: sine wave bit value 1: inverted sine wave very simple PSK low spectral efficiency robust, used e.g. in satellite systems QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying): 2 bits coded as one symbol symbol determines shift of sine wave needs less bandwidth compared to BPSK more complex Often also transmission of relative, not absolute phase shift: DQPSK - Differential QPSK (IS-136, PACS, PHS)
Q 1 0 I

10

11

00 A

01

t 11 10 00 01

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): combines amplitude and phase modulation it is possible to code n bits using one symbol 2n discrete levels, n=2 identical to QPSK bit Q 0010 rate increases with n, but less error 0001 errors compared to comparable PSK 0011 schemes 0000
I

1000

Example: 16-QAM (4 bits = 1 symbol)

phase, and 1000 have same amplitude.

Symbols 0011 and 0001 have the same but different amplitude. 0000 different phase, but
used in

standard 9600 bit/s modems