Anatomy and Physiology of Neuron and Brain

Parkinson Disease

Cause of Parkinson Disease

Mecanism of Parkinson Disease

How we stop or cure it?

Sistem saraf

Fungsi Sistem Saraf

Pembagiannya

Saraf

Aferen Sistem Saraf Tepi Eferen Sistem Saraf Pusat

Somatik

Otonom

Otak

Medulla Spinalis

Simpatis

Parasimpatis

Dendrit Dendrit

Akson Akson Badan Sel Badan Sel

(a) Neuron sensorik

(b) Neuron penghubung (b) Neuron penghubung

(c) Neuron motorik (c) Neuron motorik

Bagian-bagian Otak

Telensefalon (endbrain) Diensefalon (interbrain) Mesensefalon (midbrain) Metensefalon (afterbrain)

Mienlesefalon (marrow brain)

(Prince,Wilson, 2006:1007)

A. TELENCEPHALON = CEREBRUM =

OTAK BESAR

Hemisferum

serebri Korteks serebri Rhinensefalon (sistem limbik) Basal Ganglia Nukleus Kaudatus Nukleus lentikularis Klaustrum Amigdala

 Lobus

temporalis intepretasi bau , memori frontalis gerakan motorik

parietalis pendengaran,

Lobus
Lobus

taktil

Lobus

oksipitalis visual

B.

DIENCEPHALON
Epitalamus Talamus Subtalamus

Hipotalamus

C.

MESENCEPHALON = OTAK TENGAH

Korpora

quadrigemina Kolikulus superior Kolikulus inferior Tegmentum Nukleus ruber Substantia nigra Pedunkulus serebri

D. RHOMBENCEPHALON = OTAK

BELAKANG= METENCEPHALON :

- CEREBELLUM = OTAK KECIL - PONS

E.

MIENCEPHALON= MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Parkinson

 Merupakan

sel otak yang sangat vital bagi kehidupan manusia Mengapa? Karena fungsi utamanya adalah menghaluskan gerakan serta mengatur perubahan sikap tubuh

 Ganglia

basalis berperan juga dalam :

Mengolah sinyal Mengantar impuls menuju talamus

Definisi: substantia nigra adalah struktur otak yang terletak di mesencephalon (otak tengah) yang memainkan peran penting dalam reward, kecanduan, dan gerakan.

Terbagi menjadi:
- Pars kompakta berfungsi terutama sebagai input ke sirkuit ganglia basal, memasok striatum dengan dopamin. - Pars reticulata, di sisi lain, terutama berfungsi sebagai output, menyampaikan sinyal dari ganglia basal untuk berbagai struktur otak lainnya.

 Apa Apa

itu Parkinson?

Penyebab Parkinson? Gejala Parkinson? Parkinson?

Bagaimana

Mekanisme Pengobatan

tentang Parkinson?

Micrographia and tremorous handwriting. Charcot recognized that one characteristic feature of Parkinsons disease was the handwriting impairment that included tremorous and tiny script. Charcot collected handwriting samples in his patients charts and used them as part of his diagnostic criteria, thereby separating the large and sloppy script of patients with action tremor Evolution of parkinsonian disability. These figures, drawn by Charcots from the micrographia of Parkinsons disease (16).

student, Paul Richer, capture the deforming posture and progression of untreated Parkinsons disease over a decade (15,18).

 Usia Geografi Periode Genetik Faktor

Lingkungan

Xenobiotik Pekerjaan Infeksi Diet

Trauma Kepala
Stress dan depresi

T = Tremor at rest (pill rolling) R = Rigidity (stiffness and cogwheel rigidity) A = Akinesia or bradykinesia P = Postural instability and gate abnormalities

S = Sleep disturbances O = Other miscellaneous symptoms (problems with nausea, fatigue, speech, pain, dysesthesias, vision, seborrhea) A = Autonomic symptoms (drooling, constipation, sexual dysfunction, urinary problems, sweating, orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia) P = Psychological symptoms (anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment, depression)

M = motor fluctuations A = akathisia D = dyskinesias (chorea, dystonia, diphasic dyskinesia)

Genetik predispositions + Environmental Factor ( exogenous and endogenous ) + Trigger factor ( stress, infection , trauma , drugs , toxins ) + Age related neuronal attrition and loss of antioxidative mechanism Parkinsons Disease Bagan 1. Etiologi dari Parkinsons disease ( Jankovic 1992)

Pilihan obat : Obat antikolinergik Amantadine Penghambat MAO Agonis dopamin(levodopa/carbidopa) Penghambat catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

General approach to the management of early to advanced Parkinsons disease.

Well, B.G., et al. 2009, Pharmacotherapy Handbook, 7th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Co., p. 631