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- It refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism human or animal, to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats, whether actual

l or imagined. STRESSORS -- The events that provoke stress

1.

RESPONSE-BASED (Selye) - a non-specific response of the body. * General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

parasympathetic -- decrease response sympathetic -- increase response


*Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) - inflammatory response - physiological response ( katawan mismo ang magrereact)

2.

STIMULUS-BASED - a life-change, a disturbing or disruptive characteristics w/in the environment.

3.

TRANSACTION-BASED - different events have different meanings to other people. - Views the stressor as an individual perceptual response rooted in psychological and cognitive process. - events have different meanings to INDIVIDUALS.

4.

ADAPTATION MODEL - an anxiety provoking stimuli - elicits EMOTIONAL response - people experience anxiety and INCREASED STRESS when they are unprepared to cope w/ stressful situations.

1.

EXTRINSIC or EXTERNAL STRESSORS - originate from OUTSIDE of the person Example: hot room temp., quarrel, death in the family

2.

INTRINSIC or INTERNAL STRESSORS - originate WITHIN a person Example: cancer, feelings of depression, guilt

3.

DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSORS - occur at predictable times throughout a persons life. Example: achieving independence, choosing a career, getting married

4.

SITUATIONAL STRESSORS - are unpredictable and may occur at ANY TIME. Example: death of a family member, marriage or divorce

Fabric of DAILY LIFE Is NOT a nervous energy Man tends to adapt to STRESS stress = elicits diff. EMOTIONS NOT ALWAYS something to be avoided (eustress + stress, protects HEALTH) does not always leads to DISTRESS or damaging stress.

A single stress DOES NOT cause a disease


Stress may lead to ANOTHER stress A stress, whenever prolonged or intense may lead to exhaustion (sobrang pagkapagod)

Nature and intensity of a stressor


Perception of the stressor Duration of exposure to stressor Number of stressors experienced at a time Previous experience w/ a stressor AGE Support people

- tendency of the body to MAINTAIN a STATE of BALANCE or equilibrium while constantly changing

1.

PHYSIOLOGIC (body)
- internal environment of the body is stable and constant.

2.

PSYCHOLOGIC (mind) - refers to emotional, psychological, mental balance or state of wellbeing.

1.
2.

SELF-REGULATORY (comes automatically)


COMPENSATORY (counterbalancing) - A force or influence equally counteracting another. - A weight that acts to balance another; a counterpoise or counterweight.

3.
4.

Regulated by FEEDBACK mechanism


Require several feedback mechanisms to connect the physiological imbalance

1.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - sympathetic and parasympathetic


ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and adrenal gland

2.

3.

Plus organ systems such as respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, and renal.

- the adjustments that people make in different situations.

a.

PHYSIOLOGIC - General Adaptation Syndrome and Local Adaptation Syndrome - compensatory physical changes

b.

PSYCHOLOGIC - a change in attitudes or behavior

c.

SOCIOCULTURAL

- involves changes in the persons behavior in accordance with the norms, conventions and belief groups.
d.

TECHNOLOGICAL - involves the use of modern technology.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Are attempts to MAINTAIN homeostasis Is a WHOLE body or TOTAL organism response

Has LIMITS
Requires TIME Vary from person to person May be inadequate or excessive It can be egocentric (self-centered) and tiring

STAGES:

ALARM RESISTANCE EXHAUSTION

1.

ALARM - awareness of the stressor - increase VITAL SIGNS - mobilization of defenses

- decrease BODY RESISTANCE


- increase HORMONE LEVEL

2.

RESISTANCE

- repel stressor

- because the body begins to adapt

- normalization of hormone levels


- normalization of VITAL SIGNS - increase in BODY resistance

3.

EXHAUSTION - decrease ENERGY LEVEL

- breakdown in feedback mechanisms

- organ or tissue damaged


- decrease physiological function - exaggerated manifestations of illness

1.

SAMR (Sympathoadreno-medullary response) (FIGHT or FLIGHT)


Adrenal Medulla
(epinephrine/norepinephrine)

Sympathetic Nervous System

INCREASE in Physiological Activities

Increase mental alertness


Dilated pupils (wide) Dryness of the mouth; thirst Tachycardia; increase cardiac output Bronchodilation; hyperventilation Peripheral vasoconstriction; increase BP Pallor (pamumutla), cold clammy skin, diaphoresis (excessive sweating)

Hyperglycemia (increase blood sugar), due to glycogenolysis (proteins), and glyconeogenesis (fats) Decrease peristalsis (distinctive pattern of smooth muscle contractions that propels foodstuffs distally through the esophagus and intestines; constipation or flatus (fart) Decrease secretion and insulin and pancreatic enzymes Urinary output decreases Muscle tension increase ready for defenses

- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
STAGES:
1.

VASCULAR STAGE vasoconstriction kipot vasodilation luwag warmth calor redness rubor capillary permeability swelling tumor pain dolor * temporary loss of function

2.

CELLULAR STAGE - margination - diapedesis - emigration - chemostaxis

3.

EXUDATIVE STAGE

- serous - sanguinous - purulent

(plasma) (blood) (pus)

4.

REPARATIVE STAGE - Regeneration - Scar Formation

* Primary Healing - after 3 days maghihilom - no complications after surgery


* Secondary Healing - gagaling pero matagal pa * Tertiary Intervention Dehiscence - tinahian, biglang umubo, bumuka ang tahi - tinahian, biglang umubo, bumuka ang tahi, lumabas pa ang laman-loob

Evisceration

- intentional DELAY - road closure

increase WBC - bacterial infection (bacteria) decrease WBC viral infection (virus)

Leukocytes - increase number of WBC FEVER Lymphadenopathy - accumulation of fluids in the lymphatic vessel Body Malaise - pananakit ng kasu-kasuhan Anorexia - loss of appetite

1. 2. 3. 4.

NECROSIS HYPERTROPHY HYPERPLASIA METAPLASIA

- death of tissue - increase in cell size - increase in cell number - replacement of 1 mature cell w/ another mature cell, the new cell is not one normally seen in the area.

1. 2.

Promote REST Reduce swelling - elevate affected part to promote venous return - heat and cold application (15 mins.) - COLD = during its 24 hours - Heat appl. = after 24 hours

* Rebound Phenomenon - beyond 15 mins. of HOT and COLD appl.


warm constriction cold dilation (nagiging baliktad)

3. 4.

Relieve PAIN Adequate HYDRATION - increase excretion of microorganisms

5.

Adequate NUTRITION - hi-caloric, hi-CHON, w/ Vit. A and C rich foods


DRUGS - analgesics/antipyretic - anti-inflammatory - antimicrobials SURGERY - incision and drainage * to remove inflammatory exudate and promote healing - debridement * to remove necrotic tissue (scrape) EXAMPLE: PIGSA

6.

7.

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