The primary goal is to design a MATLAB based simulator for processi ng of speech signal with the aid of the

Kalman filtering technique .To obtain a reconstructed speech signal, which is similar to the input signal. To achieve these results, sample speeches were obtained. These wer e modeled as an autoregressive (AR) process and represented in the state space domain by the Kalman filter.

Definition. Categories of Speech Processing.

Speech Recognition(man-to machine communication). Speech Coding(Man-to-Man voice communication).

Speech Synthesis(machine-to-man communication).

 Definition of Filter.

Block diagram:

Classification of Filters.

Analog Filters.
Digital Filters

 Process of a Digital Filter.

Unfiltered analog signal

Sampled digitized signal

Digitally filtered signal

Filtered analog signal

Its Advantages:
A digital filter is programmable. Easy to design, test and implement. It can even handle low frequency signals accurately.

 LMS Filter.

Wiener Filter

Kalman Filter.

 The Kalman filter requires less additional mathematical preparation to

learn for the modern control engineering student, compared to the Wi

ener filter.

The Kalman Filter algorithm is implementable on a digital computer,

which is capable o f greater accuracy when compared to Wiener Filter .

Stationary properties of the Kalman filter are not required for the eterministic dynamics or random processes.

DefinitionIt is an estimator for linear quadratic problem which focuses on estimating the instantaneous state of a linear dynamic system perturbed by white noise.

Advantages

It is only a tool. It is a computer program. It is a complete statistical characterization of an estimation problem. In a limited context, it is a learning method.

But the main purpose is estimation and performance analysis

of estimators.

Firstly, it estimates a process by using a form of feedback

control loop whereby the filter estimates the process state at

some point and then obtains feedback in form of

measurements.

As such, these equations for Kalman filter fall into two groups: Time Update Equations and "Measurement Update Equations

Time Update (Predict)

Measurement Update (correct)

The ongoing Kalman filter cycle

Time Update (Predict)

Project the state ahead.

Measurement Update (Correct)

Compute the Kalman gain Update estimate with measurement rd

Project the error covariance ahead. Update the error covariance

Initial estimator

A Complete Picture Of The Operation Of The Kalman Filter

Responsibilities of time update equations are for projecting forward (in time) the current state i.e to obtain the priori estimates time step Measurement update equations are responsible for the feedback i.e. for incorporating a new measurement into the priori estimate to obtain an improved posteriori estimate Time update equations can also be thought as predictor equations while the measurement update equations can be thought as corrector for the next

equations
The above figure resembles that of a predictor corrector algorithm for solving numerical problems .

 Overview of simulation process.

Basic idea of approach.

Adaptability of Kalman filter.

yk = (-0.8)*yk-1 + (0.2)*yk-2 + (-0.6)*yk-3 + (0.7)*yk-4 + (-0.4)* yk-5 + wk

1st Kalman coefficient.

2nd Kalman coefficient.

3rd Kalman coefficient.

4th Kalman coefficient.

5th Kalman coefficient.

1 st Kalman coefficient with different values at different iterations.

Input Speech Samples of s180.

Output Speech Samples of s180.

 Definition.

Purpose of implementation. Condition for similarity

Cross Correlation of s180.

Input Speech Samples of s680..

Output Speech Samples of s680.

Cross Correlation of s680.

input Speech Samples of s1180.

Output Speech Samples of s1180.

Cross Correlation of s1180.

The measurement noise covariance R is practically possible aid and is measured before the operation of the filter.

The process noise covariance Q should be measured while operating the filter which is a difficult task.

Superior filter performance can be obtained by tuning the filter parameters Q

and R.

When Q and R are constants, both estimation error covariance Pk and the Kalman gain Kk will stabilize quickly and then remain constant. In this case, these parameters can be pre computed by running the filter off line.

Input Speech Samples of s680..

Output Speech Samples of s680 after tuning Q.

Cross Correlation of s680.

input Speech Samples of s1180.

Output Speech Samples of s1180 after tuning Q.

Cross Correlation of s1180.

 In this thesis, an implementation of employing Kalman filtering to speech processing had been developed. The simulated results had proven that t

he Kalman filter indeed has the ability to estimate accurately.

The results have also shown that Kalman filter could be tuned to

provide optimal performance.

Moreover, a test for cross correlation had also been conducted during thi

s thesis for measuring the similarity of the input and output speech signal
s. This test is of necessity for the reason that different signals are boun d to be similar but not identical.

Speech compression. Quality of speech.