Hugh Piggott
HAMBANTOTA DECEMBER 2003 Properties of electric and magnetic circuits Permanent magnet alternator configurations
Electrical circuit
I
R1
EMF E is the internal voltage source driving the circuit
+ E
R2
POWER (WATTS): P=IV OHMS LAW: I=V/ R also R=V/ I and V= IR RESISTANCES: R1 IS INTERNAL RESISTANCE, R2 IS LOAD RESISTANCE CURRENT: I = E/R = E/(R1 + R2) So VOLTAGE: V= I/R2 = ER2 /(RI + R2)
Magnetic circuit
F
Magnet reluctance + S steel core magnetic circuit
R1
N
Fm
Leakage f lu x
R2 reluctance
air gap
Simple alternator
EMF (volts) induced in a loop of wire E = -dF/dt If F is the flux in the magnetic circuit, and N is the rpm, then
dF/dt = 2 FN /60 = FN /30 Hence the average EMF is FN /30
Voltage depends on rate of flux cutting wires Amount of flux Rate of rotation (rpm) Number of turns per coil
MAGNET
ROTOR
STATOR COIL
ROTATION SHAFT
LINES OF FLUX
ROTATION
STATOR COIL
MAGNETS
SHAFT HUB
STATOR
YAW BEARING
This alternator has ten coils The magnets pass the coils at different times The output has 5 phases
This is the commonest mass-produced electrical machine on earth. Magnets can be fitted to the rotor, and the stator can be rewound.
Power/speed curves
Ferrite magnet alternator with slotted, laminated core and small air gap.
800 600 400 200 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
2 coils in parallel give one volt, but the resistance is only half compared to one coil
START FINISH
FINISHES
1.00 VAC
START
STA RTS
3-phase windings
Star
1.73 VAC FINISH
Coils in different 3 phases connected star give root(3) times higher voltage (x 1.73) than they would connected delta
STARTS
Delta
FINISH FINISH
FINISH START
1.00 VAC
START FINISH
FINISH START
2.00 VAC
START
T AR ST ST AR T
T AR ST ISH FIN
ISH FIN
Bridge rectifier
Fuse
Fuse
+ Battery
+ Battery
COIL CONNECTIONS
THE POSITIVE DC TERMINAL IS AT 90 DEGREES TO THE OTHER TERMINALS
EACH DIODE ALLOWS CURRENT TO FLOW ONLY IN THE DIRECTION OF THE ARROW RECTIFIER START COIL FINISH START COIL COIL FINISH
START
-
FINISH FINISH
START
CABLE TO BATTERY LOCATION
COIL COIL
START START
CONTROL BOX
FINISH FINISH
STOP THERE ARE FIVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER UNITS IN THE WIND TURBINE THE RECTIFIERS CONVERT THE ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) INTO DIRECT CURRENT (DC) FOR THE BATTERY 'BLOCKING DIODE' GO
COIL COIL
START START
FINISH FINISH
A
FUSE
COIL COIL
START START
FINISH FINISH
CABLE TO LOADS -
COIL
OUTPUT
12 VOLT BATTERY
Calculation of EMF
Total coil turns connected '3-phase star' Area of m agnet faces on one rotor (m^2) Flux density in Tesla Total flux in Webers Shaft speed
n A B rpm
=turns per coil*Total no. of coils in series*1.73 =no. of magnets*length mm*width m m/10^6 =F rom B H curve or experience Fe=0.2-0.3 T, NiF eB=0.5-0.7 T =A*B
Average EMF during cycle rms EMF Peak EMF DC output after rectif ier
0 1