TRANSPORT IN MAN

MAIN ORGANS IN THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

heart lungs main blood vessels

BLOOD
Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma

RED BLOOD CELLS

Transports oxygen, gives blood the red colour

Haemoglobin the iron-containing protein which combines with oxygen and takes it from the lungs to other parts of the body .

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Responsible for phagocytosis, antibody formation Phagocytes - engulf and destroy bacteria

Antibodies - clump the bacteria so that the phagocytes can engulf and destroy them easily

PLATELETS

Platelets are formed in the bone marrow of long bones by disintegration of certain cells Contains cell membrane and cytoplasm

PLATELETS
When blood vessels are damaged, damaged tissues and blood platelets release the enzyme thrombokinase. Prothrombin thrombokinase
calcium ions Fibrinogen thrombin fibrin (soluble) (insoluble)

thrombin

Fibrin threads entangle blood cells and the whole mass forms a clot.

PLASMA

Blood plasma composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances

Transport of blood cells, ions, food substances, hormones, CO2, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins

TRANSPORT OF CO2

(CO2 is transported mainly by the blood plasma. CO2 from the tissues diffuses into the blood and enters the rbc. CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The carbonic acid is then converted into hydrogen carbonate ions which diffuse out of the rbcs into the blood plasma).

TISSUE FLUID
Cells in the walls of capillaries have gaps in them that allows fluid to leak out so the plasma along with the white blood cells leak out to form tissue fluid. The tissue fluid surround the cells and is responsible for supplying oxygen and food and removing carbon dioxide

TRANSFER OF MATERIALS

Dissolved food substances and oxygen diffuse from the blood through the walls of the capillaries into the tissue fluid while waste products diffuse from the tissue fluid through the capillary walls into the blood.

LYMPH
Lymph Is drained tissue fluid. The tissue fluid drains into the lymphatic capillaries and are called lymph. The lymph capillaries join up to form larger lymph vessels that eventually takes the tissue fluid back to the blood

ARTERIES , VEINS , CAPILLARIES

HEART
The function of the left ventricle is to pump blood at high pressure around the body, while the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs which are a short distance from the heart, requiring a much lower pressure.

CARDIAC CYCLE
Atrio-ventricular valve (biscupid and tricuspid) open, blood from atria flow to ventricles; After a sort pause, the ventricular systole occurs-the ventricles contract while the atria relax; The increase in blood pressure forces the AV valves to close to prevent backflow, blood flow to aorta and pulmonary artery forcing open the semilunar valves to open; Ventricular diastole takes place when atria and ventricles relaxed, The drop in pressure causes the AV to open and the semilunar valves to close. Blood enters the atria from the venae cava and pulmonary vein.

CORONARY HEART DISEASES

Coronary heart disease is caused by blockage of the coronary arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Excessive intake of saturated fats will cause cholesterol to be deposited in the lining of the coronary arteries, thus constricting the lumen. This will block blood flow to the heart muscles. As a result the heart muscles do not get oxygen and glucose and this will cause coronary thrombosis (coronary heart failure) Possible causes include diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures