A Background Paper on Bangladesh Fisheries

Md. Ferdous Alam Madan Mohan Dey

BANGLADESH
The country is bounded by
India in the north and west; by the Bay of Bengal in the south, and finally by part of India and Myanmar in the eastern side.

The total area of the country is 147,570 sq km (56,977 sq. miles).

A wide portion of land is covered by large rivers such as the Padma, the Jamuna, the Teesta, the Meghna, the Brahmaputra, and the Surma. There are also thousands of tributaries with a total length of about 24,140 km. These rivers are connected to the Bay of Bengal.
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FISHERIES RESOURCES
1. Inland Open-waters : (capture fishery) 4047316ha 84.75%

2.

Inland closed-water : 528390ha (culture fishery) Total inland area : 4575706 ha

Marine water

15.25%
100.00%

3.

:166,000 sq km

FISHERIES POTENINTIAL
Fisheries have huge potential

Have one of the highest man-water ratio in the world (at 20 persons per ha of watet area) Available sunlight and temperature throughout the year is an added advantage for fish production Water fertility is conducive to fish growth

FISH AND FISHERIES

Fish and fisheries are an integral part of the life of Bangladeshi Fish is a natural complement in the diet of Bangladeshi Fish supplies 58% of animal protein 13 million people are involved for livelihood 73% of rural household are involved in freshwater aquaculture and floodplains Fisheries contribute: 4.64% to the GDP 23.00% to agricultural GDP, and 5.10% to foreign exchange earning

INLAND OPEN-WATERS
(CAPTURE FISHERY) Environment i. Rivers and Estuaries ii. Sundarban (water resources in forest) iii. Beel (deepest part of the floodplain) iv. Kaptai lake v. Floodplain Total inland open-waters Water Area (ha) 853,863 (21.10%) 177,700 (4.38%) 114,161

(2.82%) 68,800
(1.70%) 2,832,792 (70.00%) 4,047,316
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Inland closed-water (culture fishery)

Environment Water Area (ha) 30 5,205 (57.76%) II Baor (ox-bow lake for hydro electricity generation) iii. Shrimp Farms (freshwater and Brackish water) Total inland closed-waters 5,488

i. Ponds and ditches

(1.04%)
217,877 (41.23%) 528,390
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Marine waters
Environment
i. Coastal Area ii. Coast line (along the Bay of Bengal) iii. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Total Marine Water (including EEZ)

Water Area
2.30 million ha 710 km

200-mile 166,000 sq km

Fish Production (2008-09)

Inland capture fisheries i. Rivers and estuaries ii. Sundarban iii. Beel iv. Kaptai lake v. Floodplain Total Production (ton) 138,160 18,462 79,200 8,590 879,513 1,123,925 (41.61%) 912,178 5,038 145,585 1,062,801 (39.61%) 514,644 (19.05%) 2,701,370
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Productivity (Kg/ha) 162 104 694 125 310

Inland culture fishery

i. Ponds and ditches ii. baor iii. Shrimp/prawn farm Total Marine Fisheries Country Total

2991 918 668

Production (ton)

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

500000

Fish Production Trend of Bangladesh

Year

19 8 19 3-8 4 8 19 4-8 5 8 19 5-8 6 8 19 6-8 7 8 19 7-8 8 8 19 8-8 9 8 19 9-9 0 9 19 0-9 1 9 19 1-9 2 9 19 2-9 3 9 19 3-9 4 9 19 4-9 5 9 19 5-9 6 9 19 6-9 7 9 19 7-9 8 9 19 8-9 9 9 20 9-0 0 0 20 0-0 1 0 20 1-0 2 0 20 2-0 3 0 20 3-0 4 0 20 4-0 5 0 20 5-0 6 0 20 6-0 7 0 20 7-0 8 08 -0 9

Production (tons)
1000000 1200000 200000 400000 600000 800000

Fish production from different sources

Year

19 83 19 -84 8 19 4 -8 85 5 19 -86 8 19 6 -8 87 7 19 -88 8 19 8 -8 89 9 19 -90 9 19 0 -9 91 1 19 -92 9 19 2 -9 93 3 19 -94 9 19 4 -9 95 5 19 -96 9 19 6 -9 97 7 19 -98 9 19 8 -9 99 9 20 -00 0 20 0 -0 01 1 20 -02 0 20 2 -0 03 3 20 -04 0 20 4 -0 05 5 20 -06 0 20 6 -0 07 7 20 -08 08 -0 9

Inland capture Inland culture marine

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Fish production from inland culture sources

Fish production from inland culture fishery

Ponds Shrimp farms
1200000 1100000 1000000 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0

Baors Total aquaculture

Production (Tons)

1983-84 1984-85

1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89

1989-90 1990-91 1991-92

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Year

2007-08 2008-09

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Prawn/shrimp production over time by sources

inland openwater Marine
275000 250000 225000

inland culture Total

Production (ton)

200000 175000 150000 125000 100000 75000 50000 25000 0

1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Year

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Production (tons)
100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 50000

0
1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Hilsha harvest over time by sources

Year

Inland waters Total Marine water

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Fish Production Growth (1983-84 to 2008-09)

Fishery
A. Inland capture fishery i. Rivers and estuaries ii. Sundarban iii. Beels iv. Kaptai Lake v. Floodplain

Exponential growth rate (%)

3.78 -1.48 4.64 2.70 4.28 6.34 9 5 8 7 4 2 3 1 6 7

Rank

B. Inland culture Fishery i. Ponds ii. Baor iii. Shrimp farms C. Marine Fishery i. Industrial fishery ii. Artisanal Total (all fisheries)

9.69 9.63 7.48 10.37 4.34 4.59 4.28 5.61

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Fish Biodiversity
There are 300 species of fish and 20 species of prawns in Bangladesh.

The most common species is ilish (national fish)

60 native and 13 exotic species of fish and 20 species of shrimp in inland freshwaters. The major and minor indigenous carps are (katla, rohu, mrigel and kalbasu) and (bata, reba, nandin and gonia). Introduced exotic species are silver carps, grass carp, bighead carp, black carp, common carp, silver barb, Tilapia and Mahseer Indigenous carps (Rohu, Catla and Mrigal) and one exotic carp (silver carp) accounts for about 74% of pond production. Other major cultures species in Bangladesh include the grass carp, common carp, tilapia and Pangas.
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Threat to Biodiversity
Number of freshwater species is declining at an alarming rate with some species, in recent years, having become extinct. According to the Red Book figure, about 54 freshwater species are critically or somewhat endangered in the country. Among them 14 species are listed as critically endangered; 27 as endangered and 14 s vulnerable (IUCN, 2000). Overfishing, rapid extraction of fish seed and broodstock, destructive and unregulated fishing practices, pollution, introduction of exotic species, loss of aquatic habitat due to siltation, dam construction, and other anthropogenic activities have been the major causes of fish species loss.
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Intensity of technology use

Technology Intensity Technollogy Intensity

Mixed culture of carps

Integrated Fish Culture Composite culture of carps and freshwater prawn

IE, SI
IE, SI IE, SI

Sorpunti culture
Pangas culture Galda

IE
IE IE

Culture of Tilapia
Culture of Exotic magur

IE, SI
IE, SI, I

Bagda

E, SI

Fish culture in cages SI, I Fish cultutre in Pen IE

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Processing and export

No. of Fish processing plant: 133 Most of them are in Khulna and Chittagong Capacity far outstrips supply (18-20% capacity utilization) Product sale comprises 72% unprocessed (frozen whole) product, 24% prepared/preserved and 4% other products (frozen freshwater fish) Main markets are USA (40%), EU (UK, Netherland, Belgium, Germany) 39% Demand is strong for Bagda and Golda Freshwater fish are exported for expatriate Bangladeshi communities

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Fisheries Export
Year
1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Total export (tons)

39391 38988 41482 47371 54141 63377 68829 73704 75299 72888

Total value (Million Taka)

18115.6 20327.5 16371.4 19415.9 23634.7 25712.2 30298.4 33528.9 33962.8 32434.1

% of total export earning

6.28 5.77 4.76 5.10 5.71 5.90 4.56 4.90 4.04 3.00

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Fisheries Export Trend

Quantity and Value of fish and fisheries products exported

Qty. exported value of export Linear (Qty. exported ) Linear (value of export) 80000
Value of export (Million Taka)

70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

y = 2978.3x + 21182

y = 1635.5x + 5207

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

Year

2008-09

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Export of fish and fish products

2008-09

Export items Frozen shrimp/prawn Live fish Frozen fish Dryfish Salted &dehydrated fish Turtle/Tortoise, crab & eel Shark fin and Fish Maws Others All items

Qty (ton) 50368 0.3 19294 341 84 1217

% of total 69.103 0.000 26.471 0.468 0.115 1.670

Frozen shrimp/prawn Frozen fish Salted &dehydrated fish Shark fin and Fish Maws

Live fish Dryfish Turtle/Tortoise, crrab & eel Others

276
1308 72888.3

0.379
1.795 100.000

A Generalized Marketing Channel

PRIMARY MARKET Collection center/rural market within the fishing area. Operated by collectors

SECONDARY MARKET
First landing and distribution center near thana headquarters or vital communication points. Market operated by commission agents called aratdars

HIGHER SECONDARY MARKET

Second landing & distribution center in cities/towns. Operated by commission agents called aratdars

FINAL CONSUMING MARKET

Retail marketing. Paikars sell to retailers

Sub-urban

Urban

retailing

retailing

Rural retailing

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Domestic Marketing Channel (Public sector)

BFDC

Brokers

Beparies`

Aratdars

Retailers

Consumers

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Market Channel and Share

(culture fish)

Fish Farmer Home Consumption 7.15%

10%

Nikari 82.85%
Bepari 75.6% Aratdar 75.6% Paiker/ Retailer 92.85% Consumer

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Marketing profit of frozen and dryfish

(Taka/Kg) Markets Major frozen species Minor frozen species Processing plants for frozen /dry species

Primary Secondary

9.43 3.14

6.56 4.06

Consumer
All market

13.53
26.10

8.49
19.13 98.94 / 90.12

Ahmed (2009) showed that total marketing margin of tilapia is 31%: 5% (primary market), (15%) secondary market and (11%) retail market

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Producers share to consumer price

Author Rahman (2009) Khan (1995) Islam (1997) Mia (1996) Ahmed (1983) Producer share(%) Species types 40-45 45.60 , 83.44 59.63, 65.11 56 51-63 60-63 Ahmed (2007) Ahmed (2009) 55 69 Freshwater Fish Freshwater Fish shrimp Marine fish Freshwater and marine species Marine species Hilsha Tilapia
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Data availability
Fisheries data are generated mainly by three organizations:
1. Department of Fisheries : This publication provides details of production statistics by fisheries resources, species, districts, upazilas and export statistics of fish and fish products. Unfortunately, the publication does not provide any information of fish prices. 2. Department of Agricultural Marketing : DAM maintains retail prices, wholesale prices and growers prices of different markets under upazillas and districts of different divisions. 3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics : BBS produces annual price statistics of some selected fish species in its annual publications, Yearbook of Statistics and Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh.

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Market/marketing Review of Studies

Marketing studies of crops are plenty Fish marketing studies are very scanty Most fish marketing studies are conducted in BAU Most studies relate to kind of price spread and marketing margin Few market integration studies exist that are methodologically very shallow (correlation approach) Most studies are done with limited sample No representative structure-conduct-performance type study exists Supply chain, value chain and price spread type studies are confusing No existence of studies related to price transmission and price linkage across different market levels

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