Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections

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1 Zoonosis Intro & TSE 2 Rabies 3 Classic Zoonoses 4 Bioterrorism 5 Vector-borne Diseases 6 Parasitic Zoonoses 7 Emerging Zoonoses 8 Foodborne Illnesses

Part I: Introduction to Zoonoses Part II: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Intro to Zoonoses
Definition Importance Etiologies

Animal Examples
Transmission Routes Life Cycles

Zoonoses
From the Greek: Zoon: Animal Noson: Disease Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959

Zoonoses
Does NOT include
Fish and reptile toxins Allergies to vertebrates

Diseases in which animal-derived food serves as a vehicle (e.g. hepatitis A contaminated deli meat) Experimentally transmitted diseases

Zoonoses
> 250 zoonotic diseases
60% of US Household have 1 pet

Multiple pets in the home

Human-animal bond

Exotic species as pets

Zoonoses: Common Diseases

Frequency (CDC, 2003)
Salmonella 39,919

Lyme disease
West Nile (CNS)

18,991
2,862

Trichinosis

Zoonoses
Spectrum of Disease Severity
Death = rabies Severe illness = plague Chronic illness = Q-fever Mild illness = psittacosis

Zoonoses: Importance
Economics
Zoonotic disease are expensive
Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis GI illness due to Salmonella or Campylobacter lost productivity, medical costs

Import/Export
BSE restriction on cattle Avian Influenza restriction on chicken

Travel/Globalization
Decreased transit time - SARS Remote area accessibility

Zoonoses: Importance
Surveillance
Animals are sentinels

Prevention and Control

Animal = key component Complications (e.g. Lyme disease) Unknown reservoirs (e.g. Ebola)

Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification

Viral
Bacterial Parasitic

Mycotic

Zoonoses: Viral Examples

Colorado tick fever Ebola Equine encephalitides (WEE, EEE, VEE) Hantaviruses Hendra* Herpesvirus B Influenza
* indicates covered in lectures

Japanese encephalitis Monkeypox* Nipah* Rabies* Rift Valley fever West Nile virus* Yellow fever

Zoonoses: Bacterial Examples

Anthrax* Plague*

Brucellosis*
Campylobacteriosis*

Psittacosis*
Q fever*

Cat-scratch disease*
Leptospirosis* Listeriosis* Lyme disease*
* indicates covered in lectures

Relapsing fevers
Salmonellosis* Tularemia* Yersiniosis

Zoonoses: Parasitic Examples

PROTOZOAL Trypanosomiasis HELMINTHIC Baylisascariasis*

Babesiosis Cryptosporidiosis*
Leishmaniasis Giardiasis* Toxoplasmosis*
* indicates covered in lectures

Cysticercosis Hydatidosis
Schistosome dermatitis Trichinosis* Visceral larva migrans and toxocariasis*

Zoonoses: Mycotic Examples

Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis

Cryptococcosis*
Dermatophytosis* Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis
* indicates covered in lectures

Zoonoses: Animal Species

Dogs & Cats
Rabies Roundworm Ringworm Lyme Disease (dogs only) Cat Scratch Disease (cats only)

Food Animals
Salmonella E.coli Brucellosis

Zoonoses: Animal Species

Birds:
Psittacosis West Nile Cryptococcus

Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians

Salmonella Mycobacterium

Wild Animals
Hantavirus Plague Tularemia

Routes of Transmission
Direct
Droplet or Aerosol Oral Contact

Indirect
Foodborne Water-borne Fomite Vector-borne Environmental

Zoonoses - Life Cycle

ORTHOZOONOSES/DIRECT ZOONOSES
May be perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species E.g. rabies, brucellosis, anthrax

Zoonosis: Rabies Life Cycle

Virus inoculation (bite)

Salivary gland excretion

Zoonoses - Maintenance Cycle

CYCLOZOONOSES
Requires more than one vertebrate species but no invertebrate host Most are cestodiases (tapeworm diseases)
Taenia saginata and T. solium require man to be one of vertebrate hosts Others, such as hydatidosis, man is accidentally involved

Life Cycle:

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Zoonoses - Life Cycle

METAZOONOSES
Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete transmission All arboviral infections
West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis

Some bacterial diseases

Plague, many rickettsia

Some parasitic diseases

Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis

Zoonoses: Metazoonoses
Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes Vertebrate Host: Birds Incidental Hosts:
HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other mammals

Risk Factors
Companion Animal
Dogs & roundworm Rats & Rat Bite Fever

Occupational
Animal control workers & rabies Wildlife biologists & hantavirus

Foodborne
Raw meat & E.coli Unpasteurized dairy & Listeria

Risk Factors
Recreational Activities
Camping & Lyme disease

Farm Settings
Sheep & Q-fever
Cattle & Cryptosporidium

Travel
Malaysia & Nipha Australia & Hendra