EoS

Yaakov (J) Stein Chief Scientist RAD Data Communications

Course Outline
1) Introduction 2) Background - Ethernet 3) Background HDLC 4) Background - PPP 5) Background - SONET/SDH 6) VCAT 7) LCAS 8) POS (PPP over SONET/SDH RFC 1619/2615) 9) LAPS 10) GFP 11) Alternatives

Y(J)S EoS Slide 2

Introduction

Y(J)S EoS Slide 3

Motivation
Assume that you are a traditional operator

You have an extensive SONET/SDH network This network has cost you Millions-Billions to build This network is highly reliable Your staff is well trained to maintain it You may have not yet reached Return On Investment It supports the service that brings the most revenue voice It supports the service with the highest margin leased lines

But suddenly customers are asking for something new

Ethernet handoff

And new competitors are willing to supply it!

Y(J)S EoS Slide 4

Option 1: install new infrastructure

You may choose to build a new IP/MPLS based network (BT 21CN approach)
Yes this means significant investment, but this is definitely the future! But SONET/SDH has comparative advantages: Reliable optical transport Well known technology and protocols Ubiquitous with present operators Many supported data rates (from 1 Mbps to many Gbps) Low overhead Strong OAM (MPLS isnt there yet ) So if you replace the existing network How will you handle the service that brings your main income voice ? You may lose your existing leased line customers You will need to solve the timing distribution problem And if you keep your existing network You need to maintain two completely different networks ! This sounds problematic !
Y(J)S EoS Slide 5

Option 2: leased lines

Ethernet Switch I W F A D M

SONET RING

A D M

I W F

Ethernet Switch

You can try to convince these customers to use leased lines The customer converts traffic into T1/E1 (e.g. by using frame relay)

You can supply this service now The major expense is for the customer (who needs FRAD, CSU/DSU, etc.) Leased lines are profitable

But this only worked before the new competitors appeared You will probably lose these customers !

Y(J)S EoS Slide 6

Option 3: ATM
Ethernet Switch A T M A D M

SONET RING

A D M

A T M

Ethernet Switch

You can offer ATM service The customer converts traffic into ATM (AAL5) You can supply this service now ATM is a well-known technology ATM is a reliable and high-quality service ATM maps efficiently onto SONET/SDH You may even be able to perform the conversion at your POP
(but Ethernet is notoriously hard to transport over distances)

But ATM has its disadvantages ATM has high overhead but you can only charge for user BW ATM is an additional network
you will have to train and pay new staff maintain another operations center ATM usually carries IP, not native Ethernet traffic
Y(J)S EoS Slide 7

Option 4: EoS
Ethernet Switch I W F SONET RING

I W F

Ethernet Switch

A new choice is Ethernet over SONET/SDH (EoS) The customers Ethernet traffic is transported directly by SONET/SDH You build on your existing network You transport native Ethernet neednt route at network edges maintain all Ethernet features New SONET/SDH features make EoS highly efficient But EoS and related protocols are new technologies You may need to upgrade existing equipment Market hasnt yet stabilized on one technology

So you will probably need to take this course !

Y(J)S EoS Slide 8

Worlds Apart
SONET/SDH is presently the most prevalent transport infrastructure Ethernet is by far the most popular user data interface So we need efficient methods for carrying Ethernet over SONET But Ethernet

comes in bursty frames (packets) uses basic rates of 10, 100, 1000 Mbps

While SONET/SDH

is constant bit rate is designed for various rates such as 1.6, 2.176, 6.784 Mbps

So the job isnt easy !

Y(J)S EoS Slide 9

Standards we will encounter

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet ISO 3309 RFC1661 RFC1662 RFC2615 G.707 HDLC PPP (ex 1548) PPP in HDLC framing (ex 1549) PoS (ex 1619) SDH (especially the new section 11 VCAT)

G.709
G.7041 G.7042

OTN
GFP LCAS for SDH

G.7043
X.85 X.86

VCAT for PDH

IP over SDH using LAPS Ethernet over SDH using LAPS
Y(J)S EoS Slide 10

Background

Ethernet

Y(J)S EoS Slide 11

Ethernet frame
For our purposes, Ethernet is any layer 2 protocol using 1 of the following frame formats :
64 1518 B
DA (6B) SA (6B) T/L (2B) data (0-1500B) pad (0-46) FCS (4B)

68 1522 B
DA(6B) SA(6B) VT(2B) VLAN(2B) T/L(2B)

data (0-1500B)

pad(0-46)

FCS(4B)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 12

Ethernet frame size

Minimum frame is 64 bytes Maximum payload was 1500 bytes and maximum frame was 1522 bytes 802.3as lengthened maximum frame to 2000 bytes Various physical layer modulations and framing Rates : 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps,

Y(J)S EoS Slide 13

Background
HDLC

Y(J)S EoS Slide 14

Packet to bit stream

The first problem in converting Ethernet to TDM:

Ethernet consists of frames carrying packets TDM is a continuous bit stream

We can convert a sequence of packets into a bit stream by using an idle code
packet 1 packet 2 packet 3 packet 4

packet 1

packet 2

packet 3

packet 4

For example, we can use a sequence of 1s as idle indication

111111111111111111111110 packet 1 0111111111111111111110 packet 2 011111111111111111111110 01111110 packet 3 01111111111111111

The appearance of a 0 bit indicates that data follows

Y(J)S EoS Slide 15

Packet to bit stream (cont.)

How does the receiver know when to return to idle? We use a specific flag (HDLC uses hex 7E = 01111110) We can use the flag as the idle code as well
01111110 01111110 01111110 packet 1 01111110 01111110 01111110 packet 2 01111110 01111110 01111110 01111110 packet 3 01111110

Some implementations allow zero sharing

0111111011111101111110 packet 1 011111101111110 01111110 packet 2 011111101111110 1111110 1111110 packet 3 011111101111110

But the flag must not appear in valid data! If we have access to the physical layer we can mark there (violations) Otherwise (we only access bits) we must disallow the idle code by replacing it with something else

Y(J)S EoS Slide 16

HDLC flags
ISO developed High level Data Link C based on IBMs SDLC HDLC inputs packets of bytes HDLC uses hex 7E as its idle code (flag) 01111110 So an idle HDLC stream repeats 7E
01111110 01111110 01111110 packet 1 01111110 01111110 01111110 packet 2 01111110 01111110 01111110 01111110 packet 3 01111110

Alternatively, 1s can be sent as idle, flags as delineators

11111111111111111 01111110 packet 1 01111110 111111111101111110 packet 2 01111110 11111111111111111101111110 packet 3 01111110

There are two methods of disallowing flags

bit stuffing (zero insertion) byte (octet) stuffing

Y(J)S EoS Slide 17

Bit stuffing / zero insertion

ECMA-40

Whenever the encoder sees 5 successive 1s it appends a 0 thus there are never 6 successive 1s in the data
When the decoder sees 5 successive 1s : If the next bit is a 0 it is deleted If the next bit is a 1 then this is the closing flag Notes:

bit stream length is no longer necessarily divisible by 8 bit stream length is not a priori predictable worst case expansion is 20% encoding/decoding is easy in HW, hard in SW

Y(J)S EoS Slide 18

Byte (octet) stuffing

RFC1549

Whenever the encoder sees hex 7E It replaces it with 7D 5E

Whenever the encoder sees hex 7D It replaces it with 7D 5D

Optionally other codes (e.g. some under hex 20) can be escaped Second byte is original with 6th bit complemented (xor with hex 20) e.g. ^Q = hex 11 7D 31 ^S = hex 13 7D 33
When the receiver sees 7D xx It replaces it with the original byte (complementing 6th bit) Notes:

bit stream remains byte oriented length expansion is typically about 1%, but can range from 0 to 100% !
(there is also a consistent overhead algorithm but not in use)

encoding/decoding is easy in SW
Y(J)S EoS Slide 19

HDLC framing
HDLC frame is bounded by flags, and has a particular structure
flag (8) address (0/8/16) ctrl (8/16)

data

FCS (16/32) flag (8)

Many variants (SDLC, ISO, LAPB, LAPD, LAPF, LAPS, SS7, PPP-HDLC, Cisco-HDLC, etc) Address: There may be no address (e.g. SS7 HDLC) SDLC always had 8 bit addresses ISO 3309 HDLC has structured multibyte address SAPI C/R EA EA

Service Access Point Identifier (MSB of SAPI =1 may indicate broadcast/multicast) EA=1 means 8 bit, EA=0 means extended address C/R=1 for commands, C/R=0 for responses The single byte hex FF is recognized as the broadcast address
Y(J)S EoS Slide 20

HDLC control
HDLC networks can be configured: Balanced all stations have equal responsibility Unbalanced primary and one or more secondary stations

and HDLC can operate : Best effort (datagram) uses Un-numbered (U) frames Reliable (Asynchronous Balanced Mode) uses frames with sequence numbers in control field Information (I) frames (data + acknowledgement) Supervisory (S) frames (only acknowledgement)
The various frame types are indicated by the control field which varies widely between different protocols

Y(J)S EoS Slide 21

HDLC FCS
HDLC uses a Frame Check Sequence to detect errors The FCS is implemented as a shift-register

CRC-16 CRC-32

X16 + X12 + X5 + 1 X32 + X26 + X23 + X22 + X16 + X12 + X11 + X10 + X8 + X7 + X5 + X4 + X2 + X + 1

Some HDLC-based protocols require 32 bit FCS others allow 16 bit but recommend 32 bit FCS

Y(J)S EoS Slide 22

Background

PPP

Y(J)S EoS Slide 23

Point to Point Protocol (RFC 1661)

PPP is a method for transporting datagrams between 2 peers

over full-duplex, point-to-point data links for example: short lines, leased lines, dial-up modems
PPP may be used to connect hosts to routers, and routers to routers

PPP is made up of 3 components:

encapsulation method for (multiprotocol) datagrams Link Control Protocol for establishing, configuring, and testing data-link connections Network Control Protocols for establishing and configuring different network-layer protocols

PPP is a suite containing many protocols ML-PPP, PPPoE, BAP, BCP, IPCP,
Y(J)S EoS Slide 24

Basic PPP encapsulation (RFC 1661)

protocol (8/16)

information

padding

Encapsulation enables demuxing of different network-layer protocols Only 1 field needs to be examined for protocol determination Protocol field obeys ISO 3309 rules: protocol value must be odd (for EA=1)

if 16-bit, then the LSB of first byte must be zero (for EA=0)
PPP protocol values managed by IANA (http://www.iana.org/assignments/ppp-numbers)

Padding may be used (e.g. to cause header to fall on 32-bit boundary)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 25

PPP using HDLC framing (RFC 1662)

flag
7E

address
FF

ctrl
03

protocol
(8/16b)

information

padding
(optional)

FCS
(16/32b)

flag
7E

When using PPP over synchronous links we use HDLC-like framing 1 byte Broadcast address is used by default (users may define alternative address) Synchronous Link may be bit-oriented or byte-oriented Basic PPP encapsulation is extended by 8 bytes Bit stuffing or byte stuffing allowed Escape mechanism allows transparent transfer of control data (e.g. ^S/^Q) enables removal of spurious control data (inserted by intermediate boxes)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 26

RFC1662 vs. X.85

ITU-T X.85 defines IP over SDH using LAPS (will study later) Its encapsulation is similar to RFC1662 (but cant co-exist with it)
Instead of the protocol ID it has a SAPI = 21 for IPv4 =57 for IPv6 The FCS MUST be 32 bits and no padding is used No special escaping is defined PPP frame
flag 1662
7E

address
FF

ctrl
03

protocol
(8/16b)

information

padding
(optional)

FCS
(16/32b)

flag
7E

X.85

flag
7E

address
04

ctrl
03

SAPI
(16b)

IP Packet

FCS
(32b)

flag
7E

Y(J)S EoS Slide 27

Background

SONET/SDH

Note: For more information see SONET/SDH course.

Y(J)S EoS Slide 28

SONET architecture
ADM
Path Termination Line Termination

regenerator
Section Termination

ADM
Line Termination Path Termination

path

line section section

line section

line section

SONET (SDH) has at 3 layers:

path end-to-end data connection, muxes tributary signals path section

there are STS paths + Virtual Tributary (VT) paths

line protected multiplexed SONET payload section physical link between adjacent elements

multiplex section regenerator section

Each layer has its own overhead to support needed functionality SDH terminology
Y(J)S EoS Slide 29

SONET STS-1 frame

90 columns

9 rows
Synchronous Transfer Signals are bit-signals (OC are optical)
Each STS-1 frame is 90 columns * 9 rows = 810 bytes There are 8000 STS-1 frames per second so each byte represents 64 kbps (each column is 576 kbps) Thus the basic STS-1 rate is 51.840 Mbps
Y(J)S EoS Slide 30

SDH STM-1 frame

270 columns

9 rows

Synchronous Transport Modules are the bit-signals for SDH Each STM-1 frame is 270 columns * 9 rows = 2430 bytes There are 8000 STM-1 frames per second Thus the basic STM-1 rate is 155.520 Mbps 3 times the STS-1 rate!
Y(J)S EoS Slide 31

SONET/SDH rates
SONET STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 SDH columns 90 270 1080 4320 17280 rate 51.84M 155.52M 622.080M 2488.32M 9953.28M

STS-N has 90N columns

STM-M corresponds to STS-N with N = 3M

SDH rates increase by factors of 4 each time STS/STM signals can carry PDH tributaries, for example:

STS-1 can carry 1 T3 or 28 T1s or 1 E3 or 21 E1s STM-1 can carry 3 E3s or 63 E1s or 3 T3s or 84 T1s
Y(J)S EoS Slide 32

SONET/SDH tributaries
SONET STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 SDH T1 28 84 336 1344 5376 T3 1 3 12 48 192 E1 21 63 252 1008 4032 E3 1 3 12 48 1 4 16 E4

192 64

E3 and T3 are carried as Higher Order Paths (HOPs)

E1 and T1 are carried as Lower Order Paths (LOPs)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 33

STS-1 frame structure

90 columns
3 rows

9 rows

6 rows

Synchronous Payload Envelope

section + line overhead

Section overhead is 3 rows * 3 columns = 9 bytes = 576 kbps framing, performance monitoring, management Line overhead is 6 rows * 3 columns = 18 bytes = 1152 kbps protection switching, line maintenance, mux/concat, SPE pointer SPE is 9 rows * 87 columns = 783 bytes = 50.112 Mbps

Similarly, STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of section+line overhead !

Y(J)S EoS Slide 34

STM-1 frame structure

270 columns

Transport Overhead TOH

Similarly, STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of transport overhead ! RS overhead is 3 rows * 9 columns Pointer overhead is 1 row * 9 columns MS overhead is 5 rows * 9 columns SPE is 9 rows * 87 columns
Y(J)S EoS Slide 35

Scrambling
SONET/SDH receivers recover clock based on incoming signal Insufficient number of 0-1 transitions causes degradation of clock performance In order to guarantee sufficient transitions, SONET/SDH employ a scrambler

All data except first row of section overhead is scrambled Scrambler is 7 bit self-synchronizing X7 + X6 + 1 Scrambler is initialized with ones

A short scrambler is sufficient for voice data but NOT for data which may contain long stretches of zeros When sending data an additional payload scrambler is used

modern standards use 43 bit X43 + 1 run continuously on ATM payload bytes (suspended for 5 bytes of cell tax) run continuously on HDLC payloads

Xn Z-43

Yn = Xn + Yn-43

Y(J)S EoS Slide 36

HOP SPE structure

2 bytes in the line overhead point to the STS path overhead POH pointer (floating) allows frequency/phase compensation (after re-arranging) POH is one column of 9 rows (9 bytes = 576 kbps)
Y(J)S EoS Slide 37

Path overhead
C2 (hex) J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 Payload type unequipped nonspecific LOP (TUG) E3/T3 E4 ATM PoS RFC 1662

POH is responsible for path performance monitoring status (including of mapped payloads) trace 2 bytes are of particular interest to us:

00 01 02 04 12 13 16

C2 is the signal label indicates path payload type

H4 is the multiframe indication used by VCAT/LCAS (discussed later)

18
1A 1B CF

LAPS X.85
10G Ethernet GFP PoS - RFC1619
Y(J)S EoS Slide 38

POH

STS-1 HOP
1 30 59 87

1 column of SPE is POH 2 more (fixed stuffing) columns are reserved

We are left with 84 columns = 756 bytes = 48.384 Mbps for payload
This is enough for a E3 (34.368M) or a T3 (44.736M)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 39

LOP
1 30 59 87

VTG
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

To carry lower rate payloads, divide 84 available columns into 7 * 12 interleaved columns, i.e. 7 Virtual Tributary (VT) groups VT group is 12 columns of 9 rows, i.e. 108 bytes or 6.912 Mbps VT group is composed of VT(s)

There are different types of VT in order to carry different types of payload all VTs in VT group must be of the same type

but different VT groups in same SPE can have different VT types

A VT can have 3, 4, 6 or 12 columns

Y(J)S EoS Slide 40

SONET/SDH : VT/VC types

VT/STS VT 1.5 VT 2 VC VC-11 VC-12 column rate 3 4 payload
(1.544) (2.048)

1.728 DS1 2.304 E1

4 per group 3 per group 2 per group 1 per group

LOP

VT 3
VT 6 STS-1 VC-2 VC-3 VC-3

6
12

3.456 DS1C (3.152)

6.912 DS2 48.384 E3 48.384 DS3
(6.312) (34.368) (44.736)

HOP

STS-1

STS-3c

VC-4

149.760 E4

(139.264)

standard PDH rates map efficiently into SONET/SDH !

Y(J)S EoS Slide 41

Payload capacity

VT1.5/VC-11 has 3 columns = 27 bytes = 1.728 Mbps but 2 bytes are used for overhead

so actually only 25 bytes = 1.6 Mbps are available

Similarly

VT2/VC-12 has 4 columns = 36 bytes = 2.304 Mbps

but 2 bytes are used for overhead So actually only 34 bytes = 2.176 Mbps are available

Y(J)S EoS Slide 42

VCAT

Virtual Concatenation

Y(J)S EoS Slide 43

Concatenation
Payloads that dont fit into standard VT/VC sizes can be accommodated by concatenating of several VTs / VCs

For example, 10 Mbps doesnt fit into any VT or VC

so w/o concatenation we need to put it into an STS-1 (48.384 Mbps) the remaining 38.384 Mbps can not be used We would like to be able to divide the 10 Mbps among 7 VT1.5/VC-11 s = 7 * 1.600 = 11.20 Mbps or 5 VT2/VC-12 s = 5 * 2.176 = 10.88 Mbps

Y(J)S EoS Slide 44

Concatenation
There are 2 ways to concatenate X VTs or VCs:

Contiguous Concatenation (G.707 11.1) HOP STS-Nc (SONET) or VC-4-Nc (SDH) or LOP 1-7 VC-2-Nc into a VC-3 since has to fit into SONET/SDH payload n or VC-4-Nc : N=4n only STS-Nc : N=3 * 4 components transported together and in-phase requires support at intermediate network elements Virtual Concatenation (VCAT G.707 11.2) HOP STS-1-Xv or STS-Nc-Xv (SONET) or VC-3/4-Xv (SDH) or LOP VT-1.5/2/3/6-Xv (SONET) or VC-11/12/2-Xv (SDH) HOP: X 256 LOP: X 64 (limitation due to bits in header) payload split over multiple STSs / STMs fragments may follow different routes requires support only at path terminations requires buffering and differential delay alignment
Y(J)S EoS Slide 45

Contiguous Concatenation: STS-3c

270 columns
9 rows

258 columns of SPE 3 columns of path overhead

9 columns of section and line overhead

258 columns * 0.576 = 148.608 Mbps

STS-3

270 columns
9 rows

260 columns of SPE 1 column of path overhead

9 columns of section and line overhead

260 columns * 0.576 = 149.760 Mbps

STS-3c
Y(J)S EoS Slide 46

STS-N vs. STS-Nc

Although both have raw rates of 155.520 Mbps STS-3c has 2 more columns (1.152Mbps) available More generally, For STS-Nc gains (N-1) columns
e.g. STS-12c gains 11 columns = 6.336Mbps vis a vis STS-12 STS-48c gains 47 columns = 27.072 Mbps STS-192c gains 191 columns = 110.016 Mbps !

However, an STS-Nc signal is not as easily separable when we want to add/drop component signals

Y(J)S EoS Slide 47

Virtual Concatenation

H4

VCAT is an inverse multiplexing mechanism (round-robin) VCAT members may travel along different routes in SONET/SDH network Intermediate network elements dont need to know about VCAT
(unlike contiguous concatenation that is handled by all intermediate nodes)
Y(J)S EoS Slide 48

SDH virtually concatenated VCs

VC VC-11-Xv Capacity (Mbps) if all members in one VC in VC-4 X 64 C 102.400 VC-12-Xv 2.176, 4.352, 2.176X in VC-3 X 21 C 45.696 in VC-4 X 63 C 137.088 VC-2-Xv 6.784, 13.568, , 6.784X in VC-3 X 7 C 47.448 1.600, 3.200, 1.600X in VC-3 X 28 C 44.800

in VC-4 X 21 C 142.464

So we have many permissible rates 1.600, 2.176, 3.200, 4.352, 4.800, 6.400, 6.528, 6.784, 8.000,

Y(J)S EoS Slide 49

SONET virtually concatenated VTs

VT Capacity (Mbps) If all members in one STS

VT1.5-Xv 1.600, 3.200, 1.600X

2.176, 4.352, 2.176X 3.328, 6.656, 3.328X 6.784, 13.568, 6.784X

in STS-1

X 28 C 44.800
X 21 C 45.696 X 14 C 46.592 X 7 C 47.448

in STS-3c X 64 C 102.400 VT2-Xv in STS-1 in STS-3c X 63 C 137.088 VT3-Xv in STS-1 in STS-3c X 42 C 139.776 VT6-Xv in STS-1

in STS-3c X 21 C 142.464
So we have many permissible rates 1.600, 2.176, 3.200, 3.328, 4.352, 4.800, 6.400, 6.528, 6.656, 6.784,
Y(J)S EoS Slide 50

Efficiency comparison
rate 10 w/o VCAT STS-1 efficiency 21% with VCAT VT2-5v VC-12-5v 100 STS-3c VC-4 1000 STS-48c VC-4-16c 42% 67% STS-1-2v VC-3-2v STS-3c-7v VC-4-7v 95% 100% efficiency 92%

Using VCAT increases efficiency to close to 100% !

Y(J)S EoS Slide 51

VCAT overhead octet

PDH VCAT

1st frame of 4 E1s

TS0

Recently ITU-T G.7043 expanded VCAT to E1,T1,E3,T3 Enables bonding of up to 16 PDH signals to support higher rates Only bonding of like PDH signals allowed (e.g. cant mix E1s and T1s) Multiframe is always per G.704/G.832 (e.g. T1 ESF 24 frames, E1 16 frames) 1 byte per multiframe is VCAT overhead (SQ, MFI, MST, CRC) Supports LCAS (to be discussed next)

each E1

time
Y(J)S EoS Slide 52

VCAT overhead octet

PDH VCAT overhead octet

frames of an E1
TS0

There is one VCAT overhead octet per multiframe, so net rate is

T1: (24*24-1=) 575 data bytes per 3 ms. multiframe = 191.666 kB/s
E1: (16*30-1=) 495 data bytes per 2 ms multiframe = 247.5 kB/s T3 and E3 can also be used We will show the overhead octet format later

(when using LCAS, the overhead octet is called VLI)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 53

Delay compensation
802.1ad Ethernet link aggregation cheats each identifiable flow is restricted to one link doesnt work if single high-BW flow VCAT is completely general works even with a single flow VCG members may travel over completely separate paths so the VCAT mechanism must compensate for differential delay Requirement for over second compensation Must compensate to the bit level but since frames have Frame Alignment Signal the VCAT mechanism only needs to identify individual frames

Y(J)S EoS Slide 54

VCAT buffering

Since VCAT components may take different paths At egress the members are no longer in the proper temporal relationship VCAT path termination function buffers members and outputs in proper order (relying on POH sequencing)
(up to 512 ms of differential delay can be tolerated)

VCAT defines a multiframe to enable delay compensation length of multiframe determines delay that can be accommodated H4 byte in members POH contains : sequence indicator (identifies component) (number of bits limits X) MFI multiframe indicator (multiframe sequencing to find differential delay)
Y(J)S EoS Slide 55

Multiframes and superframes

Here is how we compensate for 512 ms of differential delay 512 ms corresponds to a superframe is 4096 TDM frames (4096*0.125m=512m) For HOS SDH VCAT and PDH VCAT (H4 byte or PDH VCAT overhead) The basic multiframe is 16 frames So we need 256 multiframes in a superframe (256*16=4096)

The MultiFrame Indicator is divided into two parts:

MFI1 (4 bits) appears once per frame and counts from 0 to 15 to sequence the multiframe MFI2 (8bits) appears once per multiframe and counts from 0 to 255

For LOS SDH (bit 2 of K4 byte) a 32 bit frame is built and a 5-bit MFI is dedicated 32 multiframes of 16 ms give the needed 512 ms
Y(J)S EoS Slide 56

LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Y(J)S EoS Slide 57

LCAS
LCAS is defined in G.7042 (also numbered Y.1305)
LCAS extends VCAT by allowing dynamic BW changes LCAS is a protocol for dynamic adding/removing of VCAT members hitless BW modification similar to Link Aggregation Control Protocol for Ethernet links LCAS is not a control plane or management protocol it doesnt allocate the members still need control protocols to perform actual allocation LCAS is a handshake protocol it enables the path ends to negotiate the additional / deletion it guarantees that there will be no loss of data during change it can determine that a proposed member is ill suited it allows automatic removal of faulty member
Y(J)S EoS Slide 58

LCAS how does it work?

LCAS is unidirectional (for symmetric BW need to perform twice) LCAS functions can be initiated by source or sink
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

LCAS assumes that all VCG members are error-free LCAS messages are CRC protected

LCAS messages are sent in advance sink processes messages after differential compensation message describes link state at time of next message receiver can switch to new configuration in time
LCAS messages are in the upper nibble of H4 byte for HOS SONET/SDH K4 byte for LOS SONET/SDH VCAT overhead octet for PDH VCAT and LCAS Information LCAS messages employ redundancy messages from source to sink are member specific messages from sink to source are replicated
Y(J)S EoS Slide 59

POH

LCAS control messages

LCAS adds fields to the basic VCAT ones

Fields in messages from source to sink: MFI MultiFrame Indicator SQ SeQuence indicator (member ID inside VCAT group) CTRL ConTRoL (IDLE, being ADDed, NORMal, End of Sequence, Do Not Use) GID Group Identification (identifies VCAT group)
Fields in messages from sink to source (identical in all members): MST Member Status (1 bit for each VCG member) RS-Ack ReSequence Acknowledgement Fields in both directions CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code The precise format depends on the VCAT type (H4, K4, PDH)
Note: for H4 format SQ is 8 bits, so up to 256 VCG members for PDH SQ is only 4 bits, so up to 16 VCG members
Y(J)S EoS Slide 60

H4 format
MFI2 bits 1-4 MFI2 bits 5-8 CTRL 0 0 GID 0 0 0 0 0 0 CRC-8 bits 1-4 CRC-8 bits 5-8 MST bits more MST bits 0 0 RS-ACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SQ bits 1-4 SQ bits 5-8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MFI1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

reserved fields

0 0 0

16 frame multiframe

reserved fields

0 0 0 0

Y(J)S EoS Slide 61

H4 format some comments

CRC-8 (when using K4 it is CRC-3) covers the previous 14 frames (not synced on multiframe) polynomial x8 + x2 + x + 1
MST

each VCG member carries the status of all members so we need 256 bits of member status this is done by muxing MST bits there are MST bits per multiframe and 32 multiframes in an MST multiframe no special sequencing, just MFI2 multiframe mod 32

GID single bit - cycles through 215-1 LFSR sequence

Y(J)S EoS Slide 62

VLI format
MFI2 bits 1-4 MFI2 bits 5-8 CTRL 0 0 GID 0 0 0 0 0 0 CRC-8 bits 1-4 CRC-8 bits 5-8 MST bits more MST bits 0 0 RS-ACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MFI1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

reserved fields

0 0 0

16 frame multiframe

reserved fields

0 0 0 0 0

Y(J)S EoS Slide 63

LCAS adding a member (1)

When more/less BW is needed, we need to add/remove VCAT members Adding/removing VCAT members first requires provisioning (management) LCAS handles member sequence numbers assignment

LCAS ensures service is not disrupted

Example: to add a 4th member to group 1
GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM

Initial state:

GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=EOS

Step 1: NMS provisions new member

GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=EOS GID=g SQ=FF CTRL=IDLE
Y(J)S EoS Slide 64

source sends CTRL=IDLE for new member

sink sends MST=FAIL for new member

LCAS adding a member (2)

Step 2: source sends CTRL=ADD and SQ sink sends MST=OK for new member if it has been provisioned if receiving new member OK if it is able to compensate for delay otherwise it will send MST=FAIL and source reports this to NMS
GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=NORM

GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=EOS

GID=g SQ=4 CTRL=ADD

Step 3: source sends CTRL=EOS for new member new member starts to carry traffic sink sends RS-ACK
Note 1: several new members may be added at once

GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=NORM

GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=NORM

GID=g SQ=4 CTRL=EOS

Note 2: removing a member is similar Source puts CTRL=IDLE for member to be removed and stops using it All member sequence numbers must be adjusted
Y(J)S EoS Slide 65

LCAS service preservation

To preserve service integrity if sink detects a failure of a VCAT member LCAS can temporarily remove member (if service can tolerate BW reduction)
GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=NORM

Example: Initial state

GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=4 CTRL=EOS

Step 1: sink sends MST=FAIL for member 2 source sends CTRL=DNU (special treatment if EoS) and ceases to use member 2
Note: if EoS fails, renumber to ensure EoS is active

GID=g SQ=1 CTRL=NORM GID=g SQ=2 CTRL=DNU

GID=g SQ=3 CTRL=NORM

GID=g SQ=4 CTRL=EOS

Step 2: sink sends MST=OK indicating defect is cleared source returns CTRL to NORM and starts using the member again
Note: if NMS decides to permanently remove the member, proceed as in previous slide
Y(J)S EoS Slide 66

PoS Packet over SONET

Y(J)S EoS Slide 67

Packet over SONET

Currently defined in RFC2615 (PPP over SONET) obsoletes RFC1619
SONET/SDH path can provide a point-to-point byte-oriented full-duplex synchronous link PPP is ideal for data transport over such a link PoS uses PPP in HDLC framing to provide a byte-oriented interface to the SONET/SDH infrastructure SONET/SDH POH signal label (C2) indicates PoS as C2=16 (C2=CF if no scrambler)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 68

PoS architecture
IP PPP HDLC SONET/SDH

PoS is based on PPP in HDLC framing Since SONET/SDH is byte oriented, byte stuffing is employed A special scrambler is used to protect SONET/SDH timing PoS operates on IP packets

If IP is delivered over Ethernet the Ethernet is terminated (frame removed) Ethernet must be reconstituted at the far end require routers at edges of SONET/SDH network
Y(J)S EoS Slide 69

What happened to the Ethernet ?

Ethernet

IP

Ethernet

The conventional model:

Ethernet is a LAN technology last 100m 10s of hosts IP is a WAN technology data transported in native IP different L2 technologies for last segment

But modern Ethernet wants to be more

Y(J)S EoS Slide 70

PoS Details

IP packet is encapsulated in PPP default MTU is 1500 bytes up to 64,000 bytes allowed if negotiated by PPP FCS is generated and appended PPP in HDLC framing with byte stuffing

43 bit scrambler is run over the SPE

byte stream is placed octet-aligned in SPE (e.g. 149.760 Mbps of STM-1) HDLC frames may cross SPE boundaries

Y(J)S EoS Slide 71

RFC2615 vs. RFC1619

RFC1619 did not have the 43 bit scrambler Malicious users could generate packets containing frame alignment pattern deceiving framer into mis-syncing with low transition density degrading clock performance containing SONET/SDH reset scrambler pattern causing errors So RFC2615 added the scrambler scrambler does not reset during use hard to guess proper internal state

Y(J)S EoS Slide 72

POS problems
PoS is BW efficient but POS has its disadvantages

BW must be predetermined HDLC BW expansion and nondeterminacy BW allocation is tightly constrained by SONET/SDH capacities e.g. GbE requires a full OC-48 pipe POS requires removing the Ethernet headers So lose RPR, VLAN, 802.1p, multicasting, etc POS requires IP routers

Y(J)S EoS Slide 73

LAPS

Link Access Protocol over SDH

X.85 and X.86

Y(J)S EoS Slide 74

LAPS

In 2001 ITU-T introduced protocols for transporting packets over SDH

X.85 IP over SDH using LAPS

X.86 Ethernet over LAPS

Built on series of ITU LAPx HDLC-based protocols Use ISO HDLC format

Implement connectionless byte-oriented protocols over SDH

X.85 is very close to (but not quite) IETF PoS

Y(J)S EoS Slide 75

X.85 vs. X.86

IP X.85 LLC MAC IP LAPS SDH IP LLC MAC

IP X.86
LLC MAC

IP
LLC MAC LAPS SDH

IP
LLC MAC

X.85 transports IP packets if delivered over Ethernet, the Ethernet is terminated

X.86 transports Ethernet can transport all sorts of Ethernet traffic not only IP packets
Y(J)S EoS Slide 76

X.85
flag
7E

address
(16b)

ctrl
03

SAPI
(16b)

IP Packet

FCS
(32b)

flag
7E

IP over SDH using LAPS

address = 04 (or FF for compatibility with PoS)

SAPI = 21 for IPv4 =57 for IPv6 (changed to be like PoS) Scrambler always used Can use LOP VCs, HOP VCs or STMs

Y(J)S EoS Slide 77

MAC
reconciliation
MII/GMII

X.86

LAPS
rate adaptation

SDH
Similar to X.85 (IP over SDH using LAPS) but transports the entire Ethernet frame

Provides a virtual MII/GMII interface

Transparent to all Ethernet features (VLAN, P bits, RPR, etc.) Rate adaptation by adding hex DD (after byte stuffing 7D DD)

Ammendment specifies use of Ethernet PAUSE frames for rate limiting

flag
7E

address
(16b)

ctrl
03

SAPI
FE01

Ethernet frame
DA SA T/L INFO PAD FCS

FCS
(32b)

flag
7E
Y(J)S EoS Slide 78

LAPS drawbacks

Only IP or Ethernet payloads Single bit errors (e.g. in flags) may cause misalignment

Not very efficient

HDLC BW expansion HDLC BW nondeterminacy

Y(J)S EoS Slide 79

GFP Generic Framing Procedure

Y(J)S EoS Slide 80

GFP architecture
Defined in ITU-T G.7041 (also numbered Y.1303) originally developed in T1X1 to fix ATM limitations (like ATM) uses HEC protected frames instead of HDLC GFP generically encapsulates client (e.g. IP, Ethernet) onto transport network (e.g. SONET/SDH, OTN)

Ethernet

IP

HDLC

other

GFP client specific part GFP common part PDH SDH OTN other
Client may be PDU-oriented (Ethernet MAC, IP) or block-oriented (GbE, fiber channel) GFP frames are octet aligned contain at most 65,535 bytes consist of a header + payload area Any idle time between GFP frames is filled with GFP idle frames
Y(J)S EoS Slide 81

GFP frame structure

Every GFP frame has a 4-byte core header 2 byte Payload Length Indicator
PLI = 01,2,3 are for control frames

2 byte core Header Error Control

X16 + X12 + X5 + 1

core header

PLI (2B) cHEC (2B) payload header (4-64B)

entire core header is XORed with B6AB31E0

so idle frames are B6AB31E0 (Barker-like codes)

Idle GFP frames have PLI=0 have no payload area Non-idle GFP frames have 4 bytes in payload area the payload has its own header 2 payload modes : GFP-F and GFP-T optionally protect payload with CRC-32 payload is scrambled like PoS

payload area

payload optional payload FCS (4B)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 82

GFP payload header

GFP payload header has type (2B) PTI (3b) PFI EXI (4b) type HEC (CRC-16) UPI (8b) extension header (0-60B) either null or linear extension (payload type muxing) extension HEC (CRC-16) type (2B) tHEC (2B) extension header (0-58B) eHEC (2B)

type consists of Payload Type Identifier (3b) PTI=000 for client data PTI=100 for client management (OAM dLOS, dLOF) Payload FCS Indicator (1b) PFI=1 means there is a payload FCS Extension Header ID (4b) User Payload Identifier (8b) values for Ethernet, IP, PPP, FC, RPR, MPLS, etc.

Y(J)S EoS Slide 83

GFP modes
GFP-F - frame mapped GFP Good for PDU-based protocols (Ethernet, IP, MPLS) or HDLC-based ones (PPP)

Client PDU is placed in GFP payload field

GFP-T transparent GFP Good for protocols that exploit physical layer capabilities In particular 8B/10B line code
used in fiber channel, GbE, FICON, ESCON, DVB, etc Were we to use GFP-F would lose control info, GFP-T is transparent to these codes Also, GFP-T neednt wait for entire PDU to be received (adding delay!)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 84

GFP-T
Main application Storage Area Networks (SAN) SANs use 8B/10B line code and are very delay sensitive 8B/10B line code maps each of the 256 values of the 8-bit input
into 1 or 2 different 10 bit words Maintains a running 0-1 balance and when encoding an input with 2 possibilities, it chooses the one that improves the balance spare 10b symbols are used as control codes (e.g. start/end of frame) Were we to use GFP-F would lose control info, GFP-T is transparent to these codes Also, GFP-T neednt wait for entire PDU to be received (adding delay!) GFP-T maps 8B/10B line code into 64B/65B block code

Y(J)S EoS Slide 85

GFP-F
Client packet/frame without un-needed overhead (e.g. flags, preamble, etc) is placed in GFP payload field Interface is at link layer More BW efficient than GFP-T since idle periods are filtered out preambles, frame-start, etc are also not transported GFP-F must know the client protocol in order to detect frames Can mux different client protocols on a frame to frame basis If the client protocol has a good FCS, dont need to use GFPs FCS GFP-F is used for EoS Either IP in PPP or native Ethernet can be used

Y(J)S EoS Slide 86

GFP advantages

Supports multiple protocols (not just Ethernet and IP) For Ethernet, GFP can transparently transport entire frame

Robust single bit errors do not cause loss of alignment

Constant predictable overhead Good efficiency (similar to LAPS best case)

GFP-T for SAN support

Can run over OTN (G.709) as well as SONET

Y(J)S EoS Slide 87

Alternatives

Y(J)S EoS Slide 88

There are yet other ways

Ethernet in the first mile (EFM) WAN-PHY (10GBASE-W)

Ethernet over wavelengths (EoW) or OTN (G.709)

Ethernet over Resilient Packet Rings (RPR) Ethernet pseudowires (PWs)

Y(J)S EoS Slide 89

Ethernet in the First Mile

IEEE 802.3ah task force produced the EFM definition
Optical technologies

point to point optical fiber @ 100Mbps 10 km

Dual fiber duplex 100Base-LX10 Single fiber simplex 100Base-BX10

point to point optical fiber @ 1Gbps 10 km

Dual fiber duplex 1000Base-LX10 Single fiber simplex 1000Base-BX10

point to multipoint optical fiber @ 1Gbps 10/20 km (EPON )

Single fiber simplex 1000Base-PX10/20

Copper technologies

point to point copper @ 10 Mbps 750 m (short reach PHY)

VDSL 10PASS-TS

point to point copper @ 2 Mbps 2.7 km (long reach PHY)

SHDSL.bis 2Base-TL up to 45 Mbps by bonding

OAM
Y(J)S EoS Slide 90

WAN-PHY (10 GbE in STM-64)

10GBASE-W 802.3-2005 Clause 50 G.707 Annex F
There is a special case where Ethernet and SDH bit-rates are close STM-64 is 9953.28Mbps GbE 10GBASE-R (64B/66B coding) can be directly mapped into a STM-64 (with contiguous concatenation) without need for GFP MAC creates "stretched InterPacket Gap" to compensate for rate being < 10G This is the fastest connection commonly used for Internet traffic
Complication: SDH clock accuracy is 4.6 ppm, GbE accuracy is 20 ppm

64*(270-9) = 16704 columns J1

63 columns of fixed stuff

Y(J)S EoS Slide 91

Ethernet over Wavelengths

Rather than muxing Ethernet flows using SONET mechanisms We can allocate a separate wavelength (lambda) per flow Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
For example, each wavelength may support OC-48 (2.5 Gbps)

Up to 8 channels is called coarse CWDM

More than 8 wavelengths (20 Gbps) is called dense DWDM Present DWDM technology allows about 80 channels
Higher densities expected soon

DWDMs tight channel spacing requires expensive cooled laser sources

Y(J)S EoS Slide 92

Ethernet PWs
Customer Edge (CE) Customer Edge (CE) Customer Edge Provider Edge (PE)
Ethernet

Pseudowire (PW): mechanism that emulates essential

attributes of a native service while transporting over a PSN

MPLS network
Provider Edge

Customer Edge
(CE) Customer Edge (CE)
Ethernet frame (with or w/o FCS)
Y(J)S EoS Slide 93

(PE)
Ethernet

PseudoWires (PWs)
PW label
PWE control word

(CE)
MPLS label stack