Early Computer History

How it all began

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Early Computer History

Pascalene 1624
The first accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide

Jacquard Loom 1820

Created by Joseph Jacquard A machine that automated the weaving of complex patterns Used holes punched in cards to automate the process
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Early Computer History

Analytical Engine 1834
Created by Charles Babbage The father of computing The first automatic calculator Includes components similar to those found in today's computers

Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890

Created by Herman Hollerith Used punch cards to tabulate census data Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM
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Early Computer History

Z1 1936
Created by Konrad Zuse The Z1 is a mechanical calculator It included a control unit and memory functions

Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939

Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry The first electrically powered digital computer Used vacuum tubes to store data The first computer to use the binary system Atansoff-Berry Computer

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Early Computer History

Harvard Mark I 1944 Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper A computer used by the US Navy for ballistics calculations Hoppers contribution to computing was Invention of the compiler Coined the term computer bug Turing Machine 1939 Created by Alan Turing A hypothetical model that defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to todays RAM

1st use of computer bug

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Early Computer History

ENIAC 1944
Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert The first successful highspeed electronic digital computer

UNIVAC 1951
The first commercially successful electronic digital computer Used magnetic tape

ENIAC

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UNIVAC

Early Computer History

Transistors 1945
Invented at Bell Laboratories Replaces vacuum tubes

Integrated circuits 1958

Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments A small chip containing thousands of transistors Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter

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Early Computer History

Microprocessor chip 1971
Created by Intel Corporation A small chip containing millions of transistors It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)

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Computer Generations
First-generation computers (19461958)
UNIVAC Use vacuum tubes to store data

Second-generation computers (19591964)

Use transistors to store data

Third-generation computers (19651970)

Use integrated circuits

Fourth-generation computers (1971Today)

Use a microprocessor chip

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Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800

The first microcomputer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basic MITS receives 4,000 orders

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Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)

Revolutionized the software industry Programming language that beginners could easily learn Key language of the PC Bill Gates and Paul Allen used BASIC to write the program for the Altair Led to the creation of Microsoft

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Apple I and Apple II

Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976 Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977 Uses Motorola processor First fully contained microcomputer Highly successful

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Early Competitors
Commodore TRS-80 Osborne

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IBM PC
IBM enters small computer market 1981 Uses open architecture Purchases operating system from Microsoft

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Graphical User Interface

Xerox
Palo Alto Research Center Alto: 1972
Xerox Alto

Apple
Lisa: 1983 Macintosh: 1984

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The Internet Boom

Mosaic Netscape Internet Explorer Windows 95

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Computer Hardware
Central Processing Unit & Random Access Memory

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The CPU: Processing Digital Information

CPU is the brains of the computer Different types of CPUs
Intel and AMD chips: Used in most Windows-based PCs Apple systems use different CPU design

Differentiating CPUs
Processing power Clock speed and cache

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The Control Unit

Manages the switches inside the CPU Is programmed by CPU designers to remember the sequence of processing stages for that CPU Moves each switch to its correct setting (on or off) and then performs the work of that stage

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The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Part of the CPU designed to perform mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.) Also performs logical OR, AND, and NOT operations Is fed data from the CPU registers
Word size: Number of bits a computer can work with at a time

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Registers
Small areas of storage in the CPU Holds data and results of current operations Holds current instruction Holds address in memory of next instruction to execute

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The CPU Machine Cycle

Fetch
The programs binary code is fetched from its temporary location in RAM and moved to the CPU

Decode
The programs binary code is decoded into commands the CPU understands.

Execute
The ALU performs the calculations.

Store
The results are stored in the registers

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The System Clock

Located on the motherboard Controls the CPUs processing cycles Clock cycle
Pulse or tick

Clock speed
Number of pulses per second Measured in hertz (Hz)
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Making Computers Faster

Dual processing
Two CPUs on the same system Each processor shares the workload
Dual processors

Parallel processing
Network of computers Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously

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Making Computers Faster

Pipelining: The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time
Instruction 1

Non-pipelined CPU
Store Fetch

Fetch

Decode

Execute

Instruction 2

Decode

Execute

Store

Pipelined CPU
Instruction 1

Fetch

Decode

Execute

Store

Instruction 2

Fetch

Decode
Fetch

Execute
Decode Fetch

Store
Execute Decode Store Execute Store 25

Instruction 3

Instruction 4

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Moores Law
Number of transistors on a CPU will double every 18 months First chip had 29,000 transistors Pentium chip 169,000,000 transistors Moores Law has been accurate for 25 years

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Cache Memory
Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it Stores recent or frequently used instructions and data Used for quick access by the CPU Different levels of cache

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RAM: The Next Level of Temporary Storage

Volatile: When you turn off your computer, the data is erased Several kinds of RAM exist Each type of RAM has a different design
Some types work at much faster speeds Some transfer data more quickly

Primary Storage

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Memory Modules & RAM

Memory modules:
SIMM DIMM

Types of RAM:
SRAM DRAM SDRAM
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Types of RAM: DRAM

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Cheapest and most basic type of RAM Loses its electrical charge Needs to be refreshed Many types of DRAM SDRAM: Synchronous DRAM DDR SDRAM: Double data rate SDRAM

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Types of RAM: SRAM

Static RAM (SRAM) Does not lose its electrical charge Faster than DRAM More expensive than DRAM Used only in locations like cache memory

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More Memory Types

Read Only Memory - ROM Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor - CMOS Video Ram

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Buses: The CPUs Data Highway

Bus
Electrical pathway used to move data between components Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with peripheral devices

01100010 01001000 01110011 00100111

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Bus Performance
Bus clock speed
Rate of speed data moves from one location to another Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second)

Bus width
The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time Measured in bits
16 bits 32 bits

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