CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO FILTERS
1

WHAT IS FILTER?
Filter

is an electronic circuit that capable to select one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies.
Can

be define as an AC circuit that separates some frequencies from others within mixed-frequency signals.

WHAT IS FILTER? (CONT..)

A

common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power efficiency.
Filters

are most commonly used in voice and data communications.

3

APPLICATION OF FILTER
Audio

equalizers and crossover networks are two well-known applications of filter circuits, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies. Both gives better audio system efficiency and thus better performance.
Equalizers,

which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area.
4

Crossover

APPLICATION OF FILTER (cont..) networks, which block certain

ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block lowfrequency signals, only passing highfrequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals.

APPLICATION OF FILTER (CONT..)

Another

practical application of filter circuits is in the conditioning of non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms in power circuits.
Some

electronic devices are sensitive to the presence of harmonics in the power supply voltage, and so require power conditioning for proper operation.
6

APPLICATION OF FILTER (CONT..)

If a distorted sine-wave voltage behaves like a series of harmonic waveforms added to the fundamental frequency, then it should be possible to construct a filter circuit that only allows the fundamental waveform frequency to pass through, blocking all (higherfrequency) harmonics.

EXAMPLE OF FILTERS

7 Band Graphic Equalizer /Car audio equalizers

MP3 equalizers

EXAMPLE OF FILTERS
Crossover network in loud speaker

Crossover network is used between the audio preamplifier and power amplifiers

TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF FILTERS

10

TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF FILTERS

use resistors, capacitors, and inductors (RLC networks).

To minimize distortion in the filter characteristic, it is desirable to use inductors with high quality factors They are particularly non-ideal (lossy) They are bulky and expensive
11

TYPES OF FILTERS

The analog or digital filters can be subdivided into four categories:

LPF

LOW-PASS FILTERS HIGH-PASS FILTERS

HPF
BPF BSF RS

BAND-PASS FILTERS
BAND-STOP FILTERS

12

TYPES OF FILTERS
1. Low-pass filter allow pass of low frequencies and reject high frequencies 2. High-pass filter - allow pass of high frequencies and reject low frequencies 3. Band-pass filter - allow pass a band of frequencies and reject all others frequencies 4. Notch or band-reject filter or band-stop filter - reject a band of frequencies and allow to pass all others frequencies

13

ANALOG FILTER RESPONSE- Ideal

Gain A(dB )

lowpass

Gain A(dB )

highpass

f
Gain A(dB )

f Gain A(dB )

bandpass

bandstop

f
14

ANALOG FILTER RESPONSE- realistic

Gain A(dB )

lowpass

Gain A(dB )

highpass

f Gain A(dB )

f Gain A(dB )

bandpass

bandstop

f
15

LOW PASS FILTER

a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency signals and difficult passage to high-frequency signals. There are two basic kinds of circuits capable of accomplishing this objective, and many variations of each one: inductive low-pass filter capacitive low-pass filter
16

INDUCTI VE LOW PASS FILTER

The inductor's impedance increases with increasing frequency. This high impedance in series tends to block high-frequency signals from getting to the load

17

CAPACITIV E LOW PASS FILTER

The capacitor's impedance decreases with increasing frequency. This low impedance in parallel with the load resistance tends to short out highfrequency signals, dropping most of the voltage across series resistor R1.
18

FREQUENCY CUTOFF FOR LOW-PASS FILTER

All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. that is, the frequency above which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage. The definition for cutoff frequency is the frequency for which the transfer function magnitude is decreased by the factor 1 / 2 from its maximum value. In a simple capacitive/resistive low-pass filter, it is the frequency at which capacitive reactance in ohms equals resistance in ohms. In a simple capacitive low-pass filter (one resistor, one capacitor), the cutoff frequency is given as:

19

REVIEW
A low-pass filter allows for easy passage of low-frequency signals from source to load, and difficult passage of highfrequency signals. Inductive low-pass filters insert an inductor in series with the load; capacitive low-pass filters insert a resistor in series and a capacitor in parallel with the load. The former filter design tries to block the unwanted frequency signal while the latter tries to short it out. The cutoff frequency for a low-pass filter is that frequency at which the output (load) voltage equals 70.7% of the input (source) voltage. Above the cutoff frequency, the output voltage is lower than 70.7% of the input, and vice versa.
20

HIGH PASS FILTER

Electronic circuit that passes highfrequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency High-pass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or RF devices. They can also be used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to make a bandpass filter.

21

HIGH PASS FILTER

In this circuit arrangement, the reactance of the capacitor is very high at low frequencies so the capacitor acts like an open circuit and blocks any input signals at Vin until the cut-off frequency point (c) is reached.
22

HIGH PASS FILTER

Above the cut-off frequency point the reactance of the capacitor has reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit allowing all of the input signal to pass directly to the output as shown below in the High Pass Frequency Response Curve.
23

HIGH PASS FILTER

Frequency response curve / Bode Plot

24

Cutoff frequency for high pass filter:

HIGH PASS FILTER

25

HIGH PASS FILTER

The circuit gain, Av which is given as Vout/Vin (magnitude) and is calculated as:

26

EXAMPLE NO1.

HIGH PASS FILTER

Calculate the cut-off or "breakpoint" frequency (c) for a simple high pass filter consisting of an 82pF capacitor connected in series with a 240k resistor.

27

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A FILTER

28

BAND PASS FILTER

A band pass filter passes all frequencies within a band of frequencies and rejects all other frequencies outside the band.
This filter can be build from a low-pass and high-pass filter

29

HOW BAND PASS FILTER PRODUCED.?

Creating a bandpass filter from a low-pass and high-pass filter can be illustrated using block diagrams

30

USING CAPACITOR

31

USING INDUCTOR

32

BAND STOP FILTER

A band stop filter rejects all frequencies within a band of frequencies and passes all other frequencies outside the band.
A band stop filter is often referred to as a Notch filter.

33

Basic Active Filters

Low pass filter
C
R fb
+
+

High pass filter

Rfb
C Rin
+

Vi n
_

R in

Vin
_

VO
_

VO
_

34

Basic Active Filters

Band pass filter
R1 C1
+

C2 R2 R2 Ri
+

R1

R fb

Vin
_

VO
_

35

Basic Active Filters

Band stop filter
C1 R1 R1 R fb R2
+

Ri
+

Vin

C2

VO
_

36

Basic Active Filters

Band stop filter
C1 R1 R1 R fb R2
+

Ri
+

Vin

C2

VO
_

37