Introduction to Pneumatics

Air Production System

Air Consumption System

What can Pneumatics do?

Operation of system valves for air, water or chemicals Operation of heavy or hot doors Unloading of hoppers in building, steel making, mining and chemical industries Ramming and tamping in concrete and asphalt laying Lifting and moving in slab molding machines Crop spraying and operation of other tractor equipment Spray painting Holding and moving in wood working and furniture making Holding in jigs and fixtures in assembly machinery and machine tools Holding for gluing, heat sealing or welding plastics Holding for brazing or welding Forming operations of bending, drawing and flattening Spot welding machines Riveting Operation of guillotine blades Bottling and filling machines Wood working machinery drives and feeds Test rigs Machine tool, work or tool feeding Component and material conveyor transfer Pneumatic robots Auto gauging Air separation and vacuum lifting of thin sheets Dental drills and so much more new applications are developed daily

Properties of compressed air

Availability
Storage Simplicity of design and control Choice of movement Economy
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Properties of compressed air

Reliability Resistance to Environment

Environmentally clean.
Safety

What is Air?
Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Argon Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor
In a typical cubic foot of air --there are over 3,000,000 particles of dust, dirt, pollen, and other contaminants. Industrial air may be 3 times (or more) more polluted. The weight of a one square inch column of air (from sea level to the outer atmosphere, @ 680 F, & 36% RH) is 14.69 pounds.
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Valve identification
A(4) B(2)

EA P (5) (1)

EB (3)

Valve Sizing
The Cv factor of 1 is a flow capacity of one US Gallon of water per minute, with a pressure drop of 1 psi. The kv factor of 1 is a flow capacity of one liter of water per minute with a pressure drop of 1 bar. The equivalent Flow Section S of a valve is the flow section in mm2 of an orifice in a diaphragm, creating the same relationship between pressure 8 and flow.

Flow Amplification

Signal Inversion

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Selection

red green

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Memory Function

red green

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Delayed switching on

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Delayed switching off

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Pulse on switching on

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Pulse on releasing a valve

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Direct Operation and Speed Control

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Control from two points: OR Function

Shuttle Valve

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Safety interlock: AND Function

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Safety interlock: AND Function

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Inverse Operation: NOT Function

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Direct Control

P
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Holding the end positions

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 Cam valve

Semi Automatic return of a cylinder

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Repeating Strokes

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Sequence Control

3 4

2
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A+

A-

B+

B-

b0

a1

start b1

ao

Signals

Start

a1

b1

a0

b0

Commands

A+

B+

A-

B-

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ISO SYMBOLS for AIR TREATMENT EQUIPMENT

Air Cleaning and Drying

Auto Drain

Air Cooler

Refrigerated Air Dryer

Air Dryer

Air Heater

Heat Exchanger

Water Separator

Filter

Filter / Separator

Filter / Multi stage Separator Micro Filter w. Auto Drain

Lubricator

Pressure Regulation

Basic Symbol

Adjustable Setting Spring

Pressure Regulator

Regulator with relief

Differential Pressure Regulator

Pressure Gauge

Units

FRL Unit, detailed

FRL Unit, simplified

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Single Acting Cylinder, Spring retract

Single Acting Cylinder, Spring extend

Double Acting Cylinder

Double Acting Cylinder with adjustable air cushioning

Double Acting Cylinder, with double end rod

Rotary Actuator, double Acting

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Return Spring (in fact not an operator, but a built-in element) Roller Lever: Manual operators: general: Push Button:

Mechanical (plunger): one-way Roller Lever: Lever: Push-Pull Button:

Detent for mechanical and manual operators (makes a monostable valve bistable): Air Operation is shown by drawing the (dashed) signal pressure line to the side of the square; the direction of the signal flow can be indicated by a triangle: Air Operation for piloted operation is shown by a rectangle with a triangle. This symbol is usually combined with another operator. Direct solenoid operation solenoid piloted operation

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Manual Operation

Closed Input

Input connected to Return Output Spring

Manual Operation

Closed Input

Input connected to Return Output Spring

OR

Manually Operated, Normally Open 3/2 valve (normally passing) with Spring Return
Exhaust Air Supply

Mechanical Operation

Input connected to Output

Input closed, Output exhausted

Return Spring

Mechanical Operation

Input connected to Output

Input closed, Return Output exhausted Spring

OR
Mechanically normally Operated, closed 3/2 (non-passing) Valve with Spring Return
Air Supply Exhaust

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Manually operated Valves

detent, must correspond with valve position no pressure pressure no pressure pressure

3/2, normally closed

3/2, normally open

3/2, normally closed/normally open bistable valves: both positions possible

monostable valves never operated

Electrically and pneumatically operated Valves

Air operated valves may be operated in rest
no pressure pressure

Solenoids are never operated in rest

Mechanically operated Valves

No valve with index "1" is operated.
no pressure pressure

an1 All valves with index "0" are operated.

pressure

an1

no pressure

an

an

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0

First stroke of the cycle

Last stroke of the cycle

A+

A-

B+

B-

POWER Level LOGIC Level

Memories, AND's, OR's, Timings etc.

Start

SIGNAL INPUT Level

Codes: a 0 , a1 , b0 , b , c 0 1

and c . 1

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