Dr.

Ahmed Fathalla Ibrahim

SECOND WEEK
Completion of implantation of the blastocyst Production of a bilaminar embryonic disc Formation of extraembryonic structures: amniotic cavity & amnion, yolk sac, chorionic sac & connecting stalk Appearance of primary chorionic villi Appearance of the prechordal plate

THIRD WEEK
Appearance of the primitive streak Development of the notochord Differentiation of the 3 germ layers (formation of a trilaminar germ disc) Beginning of formation of neural tube Completion of formation of chorionic villi

BILAMINAR DISC
A flat, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells composed of 2 layers: 1. Epiblast a layer of high columnar cells 2. Hypoblast: a layer of small cuboidal cells

AMNIOTIC CAVITY & AMNION

Amniotic cavity: a space appears dorsal to the epiblast (primordium of amniotic cavity) Amniogenic cells (amnioblasts) separate from epiblast & form the amnion which encloses the amniotic cavity N.B.: The amnion forms the roof of amniotic cavity The epiblast forms the floor of amniotic cavity & is continuous peripherally with amnion

YOLK SAC
The hypoblast becomes continuous peripherally with the exocoelomic membrane to enclose the exocoelomic cavity PRIMARY YOLK SAC: has: 1. A roof: formed by hypoblast 2. A floor: formed by exocoelomic membrane 3. A cavity: formed by exocoelomic cavity

YOLK SAC
SECONDARY YOLK SAC: Smaller than primary yolk sac Formed by migration of endodermal cells from hypoblast to enclose a portion of primary yolk sac The rest of primary yolk sac is pinched off

YOLK SAC
SECONDARY YOLK SAC: has: 1. A roof: formed by hypoblast 2. A floor: formed by endodermal cells migrating from hypoblast 3. A cavity: formed by a portion of the cavity of primary yolk sac

EXTRAEMBRYONIC MESODERM
Formed by: 1. Endodermal cells of yolk sac 2. later on by primitive streak

Surrounds amnion & yolk sac

CHORION
It is formed of: 1. Trophoblast 2. Extraembryonic mesoderm

EXTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM
Isolated spaces filled with fluid appear within the extraembryonic mesoderm The spaces fuse to form the coelom The coelom divides the meosderm into 2 layers: 1.Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm: between trophoblast & coelom 2.Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm: between coelom & yolk sac

CONNECTING STALK
It is a part of extraembryonic mesoderm that does not contain coelom It attaches the amnion & yolk sac to the chorion It indicates the future site of umbilical cord

CHORIONIC SAC
It contains embryo + amniotic sac + yolk sac suspended by the connectiong stalk It is enclosed by the chorion

PRIMARY CHORIONIC VILLI

SECONDARY CHORIONIC VILLI

TERTIARY CHORIONIC VILLI

CHORIONIC VILLI
DEVELOPMENT: During implantation, the trophoblast thickens at region of contact with endometrium & differentiates into: 1.Outer syncytiotrophoblast: a layer containing multiple nuclei in a common cytoplasm with no cell boundaries (secretes HCG) 2.Inner cytotrophoblast: a layer of mononucleated cells

STAGES OF CHORIONIC VILLI

PRIMARY: At the end of 2nd week, finger-like processes formed of outer syncytiotrophoblast & inner cytotrophoblast appear SECONDARY: Early in 3rd week, extraembryonic mesoderm extends inside the villi TERTIARY: During 3rd week, arterioles, venules & capillaries develop in the mesenchyme of villi & join umbilical vessels By the end of 3rd week, embryonic blood begins to flow slowly through capillaries in chorionic villi

PRECHORDAL PLATE

PRECHORDAL PLATE
In a localized area in the median plane, the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast become columnar & form a thickening: prechordal plate The prechordal plate indicates the future cranial region & future site of mouth It is an important organizer of the head region

PRIMITIVE STREAK

PRIMITIVE STREAK & NODE

BILAMINAR & TRILAMINAR DISCS

PRIMITIVE STREAK
It appears as a linear opacity in the epiblast of the caudal part of the embryo, in the median plane It results from proliferation of epiblast Primitive node: the enlarged cranial end of primitive streak Primitive Pit: a depression in primitive node Primitive groove: a narrow groove in primitive streak that is continuous with the primitive pit

PRIMITIVE STREAK
IMPORTANCE: 1. It forms embryonic mesoderm 2. It replaces cells of hypoblast from the roof of yolk sac & forms embryonic endoderm 3. The primitive node forms the notochordal process 4. It shares in the formation of extraembryonic mesoderm