Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures Part 1-4: General actions Wind actions

Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Scheuermann

CONTENTS

General Design situations Wind velocity and velocity pressure Wind actions Structural factor cs cd Pressure and force coefficients Terrain effects Procedures for determine the structural factor cs cd Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities Dynamic characteristics of structures Wind map

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

General remarks

National Annex (NA) - values/and or classes where alternatives are given

in the Eurocodes

- values to be used where a symbol only is given

- country specific data, e.g. snow map or a wind map - the procedure to be used when alternative procedures are given - decisions on the application of Informative Annexes - reference to non-contradictory Annexes

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

General remarks

This part is applicable to buildings and civil engineering works (land-based structures) with heights up to 200 m Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure need to be provided in the National Annex. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information. This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes This part does not give guidance on the following aspects
wind actions on lattice towers with non parallel chords EN 1993-3-1 wind actions on guyed masts and guyed chimneys torsional vibrations, e.g. tall buildings with a central core vibrations where more than the fundamental mode needs to be considered.

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Design situations

The relevant wind actions shall be determined for each design situation identified in accordance with EN 1990: Ultimate limit state
G "+" P"+" Q "+" Q G, j k , j P Q ,1 k ,1 Q , i 0, i k , i j 1 i1 G "+" Ad "+"( 1,1 or 2 ,1 )Q "+" Q k, j k ,1 2, i k , i j 1 i1

Q = 1,5

recommended values of factors for buildings: 0 = 0,6 1 = 0,2 2 = 0,0

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Design situations

Other actions such as snow, traffic or ice which will modify the effects due to wind should be taken into account (see also EN 1993-1-3, EN 1991-2 and ISO FDIS 12494 The changes of structure during stages of execution such as different stages of the form of the structure, dynamic characteristics etc - should be taken into account (see EN 1991-1-6) Where in design windows and doors are assumed to be shut under storm conditions, the effect of these being open should be treated as an accidental design situation Fatigue due to effects of wind actions should be considered for susceptible structures

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Basic values : the fundamental values of the basic wind velocity

vb,0 is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity, irrespective of wind direction and time of year, at 10m above ground level in open country terrain with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles with separations of at least obstacle heights (category II). The basic wind velocity shall be calculated with

vb = cdir cseason vb,o

where vb vb,0 cdir cseason is the basic wind velocity, 10m above ground, cat. II is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity is the directionsl factor (recommended 1,0) is the season factor (recommended 1,0)

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Return period 50 years

Unterschreitenswahrscheinlichkeit
0.9999 Rangfolgenstatistik LSQ-Fit

0.9995 0.999

= 1,5

0.995 0.990

0.98

0.950 0.900

vm,50=21.4m/s

0.500 0.100 0.010 0.001 0 10 "Jahresextremwerte" 20 30 40

mittlere Windgeschwindigkeit in m/s

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Mean wind
Variation with height vm(z) = cr(z) c0(z) vb where c0(z) cr(z) is the orography factor , taken as 1, is the roughness factor for for

0, 07

cr(z) = zmin z zmax z zmin

kr ln (z / z0) cr(z) = cr(zmin)

z k r = 0,19 0 z 0, II

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Mean wind

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Wind turbulence intensity Iv(z)

v k r vb k I Iv ( z) = = vm ( z ) vm ( z )
I v ( z ) = I v ( z min )
for

for

z min z z max

z < z min

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Peak velocity pressure qp(z)

1 2 q p ( z ) = [1 + 7 I v ( z ) ] vm ( z ) = ce ( z ) qb 2
is recommended with 1,25 kg/m

1 2 q p = ce ( z ) qb = ce ( z ) vb 2

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Peak velocity pressure qp(z)

1 2 q p = ce ( z ) qb = ce ( z ) vb 2

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind actions

calculation procedures
peak velocity pressure qp wind pressures w, e.g. for cladding , fixings and structural parts wind forces Fw on structures, e.g. for overall wind effects

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind actions

wind pressure on surfaces

we = qp(ze) cpe ze,i cpe

wi = qp(zi) cpi

is the (decisive) reference height for the external/internal pressure is the pressure coefficient for the external/internal pressure

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind actions

Wind forces

Fw,e = cs cd we Aref Fw,i = wi Aref Ff,e = cfr qp(ze) Aref where. c s cd cfr A

is the structural factor is the friction coefficient is the reference area of the structure or structural element

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind actions

Wind forces

Fw = cs cd cf qp(ze) Aref resp. where. c s cd cf A

Fw = cs cd cf qp(ze) Aref

is the structural factor is the force coefficient for the structure or structural element is the reference area of the structure or structural element

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Structural factor cs cd

Determination of cs cd
For buildings with a height less than 15 m, the value of cs cd may be taken as 1 For facade and roof elements having a natural frequency greater than 5 Hz , the value of cs cd may be taken as 1 For framed buildings which have structural walls and which are less than 100m high and whose height is less than 4 times the in-wind-depth, the value of cs cd may be taken as 1 For chimneys with circular cross-sections whose height is less than 60 m and 6,5 times the diameter, the value of cs cd may be taken as 1

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Structural factor cs cd

Determination of cs cd

c s cd =

1 + 2 k p I v ( zs ) B 2 + R 2 1 + 7 I v ( zs )

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure and force coefficients General

Choice of aerodynamic coefficient

Pressure coefficients for buildings and circular cylinders for internal and external pressures Net pressure coefficients for canopy roofs, free-standing walls, parapets and fences Friction coefficients Force coefficients for signboards, structural elements with rectangular cross section, structural elements with sharp edged section, structural elements with regular polygonal section, flags etc.

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure and force coefficients General

Asymmetric and counteracting pressures and forces

Effects of ice and snow

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Flat roofs

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Monopitch roofs

Duopitch roofs

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Multispan roofs

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Vaulted roofs and domes

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Internal pressure

The internal pressure depends on the size and distribution of the openings It should be taken into account if the openings are larger than 0,1% and not larger than 30% of the face area In certain cases the internal pressure may be handled as an accidental load

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Pressure coefficients for buildings

Pressure on walls or roofs with more than one skin

The wind force is to be calculated separately on each skin The permeability of a skin is defined as the ratio of the total area of the opening to the total area of the skin. A skin is defined as impermeable if is less than 0,1 % If only one skin is permeable, then the wind force on the impermeable skin should be determined from the difference between the internal and the external wind pressure

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Force coefficients for canopy roofs

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Force coefficients for canopy roofs

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Free standing walls, parapets, fences and signboards

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Friction coefficients

l = 2b or 4h

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Structural elements

Structural elements with rectangular sections

cf = cf,0 r A

Structural elements with sharp edged sections

Structural elements with regular polygonal section

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Circular cylinders

External pressure coefficients

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Circular cylinders

Force coefficients

cf = cf,0

Force coefficients for vertical cylinders in a row arrangement

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Spheres

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Lattice structures and scaffoldings

cf = cf,0

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Flags

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Effective slenderness and end-effect

= A/Ac

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Annex A (informative) Terrain effects

Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Annex A (informative) Terrain effects

Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Annex A (informative) Terrain effects

Numerical calculation of orography coefficients

vm: mean wind velocity at height z above terrain vmf: mean wind velocity above flat terrain co = vm/vmf

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Annex A (informative) Terrain effects

Numerical calculation of orography coefficients

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Annex A (informative) Terrain effects

Neighbouring structures Displacement height

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd

Spectrum of the response

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd

Detailed procedure
c s cd = 1 + 2 k p I v ( zs ) B 2 + R 2 1 + 7 I v ( zs )

1 + 7 I v ( zs ) B 2 cs = 1 + 7 I v ( zs ) cd = 1 + 2 k p I v ( zs ) B 2 + R 2 1 + 7 I v ( zs ) B 2

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd

Background factor B

B =
2

1 b+h 1 + 0,9 L( z ) s
0 , 63

conservative: B = 1

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd

Resonance response factor R

2 R2 = S L Rh Rb 2

Peak factor kp

= n1, x

R2 B2 + R2

T = 600[ sec]

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd

Number of loads for dynamic response

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Procedures for determining the structural factor cscd

cscd values for different types of structures

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

Kraftwerk Ferrybridge, GB, am 5. Nov. 1965: Einsturz von 3 Schalenkhltrmen aus Stahlbeton

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

Criteria for vortex shedding

vcrit,i > 1,25 vm

where vcrit,i is the critical wind velocity for mode i vm is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity at the cross section where vortex shedding occurs

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

Vortex shedding action

Fw(s) = m(s)(2ni,y) i,y(s) yF,max

where m(s) is the vibrating mass of the structure per unit length ni,y I,y(s) is the natural frequency is the mode shape of the structure normalised to 1 at the point with the max. displacement

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

Galloping

vCG > 1,25 vm

with

vCG = 2 Sc n1,y b / aG

Interaction effects

VCG 0,7 1,5 Vcrit

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Dynamic characteristics of structures

General

natural frequencies modal shapes equivalent masses logarithmic decrements of damping

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Dynamic characteristics of structures

Fundamental frequency

1 g n1 = 2 x1

46 n1 = [ Hz ] h

for multi-storey buildings with a height larger than 50m

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Dynamic characteristics of structures

Logarithmic decrement of dumping

= s + a + d
c f b vm ( z s ) 2 n1 me

a =

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind map
Historische Orkane : 1976 Capella 1984 Mnchener Hagelsturm 1990 Winterstrme Daria (Jan), Vivian (Febr), Wiebke (Febr), Gesamtschaden in Preisen von 1990: 25 Mrd. DM 1999 Lothar

Modell fr einen Europa Orkan zur Prognose des Sturmrisikos in Deutschland und den Benelux-Staaten (Mnchner Rck)

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind map

EUROCODE 1 Part 1-4: Wind actions

Wind map