Broadcasting , Switching and Transmission

Evolution of Telephone system- Xbar Exchange Electronics Switching - SPC Analog Software Architecture Of switching Time Division Switching - TST Concepts Introduction of Transmission-Mode & Standards Introduction to SONET/SDH ISDN - standards, DSL & Cable TV Television - Concepts ,Technology and Standards

Module I Evolution of Telephone system & Crossbar Exchange

To understand a science it is necessary to know its history -Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

All revolutionary advances in science may consist less of sudden and dramatic revelations than a series of transformations, of which the revolutionary significance may not be seen (except afterwards, by historians) until the last great step.

-Bernard Cohen -1980

Communication-History
Communication is a process that started perhaps even before we knew how to write or spell the word "communication". Communication probably dates back to the advent of life itself. What evolved from simple body language or ancient pictorial messages carved on rocks, metamorphosed That evolved channels of communication like the telephone, television and of course the World Wide Web that has evidently brought the world closer.

Communication-History
Although various complex theories and principles exist, communication can be simply Defined as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior Obviously the term is not limited to human beings because animals have their own way of communicating too.

Technological History of Media

The first one-to-one communication was the human body. When a person tried to show a necessity he just got his hands, facial expression or gesture. Since those days the body language was the oldest and important language that human being had. The people want to abet there body language at one time and started using there voice with sounds and express there necessity much more.

Technological History of Media

The language development is not natural. The people developed there mind to make feelings, emotions and necessities clearer to each other. And so they start to develop language. We can divide the basic communication elements in two main groups. Verbal communication Non-Verbal communication elements elements Language Body Writing Signs Sounds Symbols

Communication-History
Tele-communication: The Semaphore or the optical telegraph system was an apparatus for conveying information by means of visual signals. Claude Chappe (1763-1805) Could Have Been Built Earlier Lacked Telescope First Stations Menilmontant Saint-Martin-du-Tertre (21 Miles) First Line Paris to Lille

Semaphore System
Wooden T
Horizontal Beam (Regulator) Jointed Arms (Indicator)

196 Different Positions Chappe Code - 92 Positions

Diplomatic Dictionary
92 Pages - First Signal 92 Words/Page - 2nd Signal

Second Dictionary - Phrases

Significance of Human Communication

Communication is the process of exchanging information.

Main barriers are language and distance.

Emphasis is now the accumulation, packaging, and exchange of information.

COMMUNICATIONS & TELECOMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONS Process of conveying information

Telecommunications

the transmission of information over significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags,

Telephone system components

Signaling and switching system

Transmission system

receiver microphone

History of Communications
1821

1831

1835

Charles Wheatstone reproduces sound in a primitive sound box the first speaker. Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph. Samuel Morse invents Morse code.

History of Communications
1843

1861

Samuel Morse creates the first long distance electric telegraph line. Alexander Bain patents the first fax machine. United States starts the Pony Express for mail delivery.

History of Communications
1861

1867

Coleman Sellers invents the Kinematoscope - a machine that flashed a series of still photographs onto a screen. Christopher Shoales creates the first successful modern typewriter.

History of Communications
1876

Thomas Edison patents the mimeograph - an office copying machine. Alexander Graham Bell patents the electric telephone. Melvyl Dewey writes the Dewey Decimal System for ordering library books.

History of Communications
1877

Thomas Edison patents the phonograph - with a wax cylinder as recording medium. Eadweard Muybridge invents high speed photography creating first moving pictures that captured motion.

History of Communications
1887

1889

Emile Berliner invents the gramophone - a system of recording which could be used over and over again. George Eastman patents Kodak roll film camera. Almon Strowger patents the direct dial telephone.

History of Communications
1894

1899

Guglielmo Marconi improves wireless telegraphy. First telephone answering machines appear. Valdemar Poulsen invents the first magnetic recording device using magnetized steel tape. Loudspeakers invented.

History of Communications
Marconi transmits radio signals 1902 from Cornwall to Newfoundland the first radio signal to cross the Atlantic Ocean First regular comic books. 1904 Lee Deforest invents an electronic amplifying tube improving radios and telephones

History of Communications
Thomas Edison demonstrates 1910 the first talking motion picture. It will be 17 years until talkies First cross country telephone call 1914 made. First radios with tuners begin to 1916 broadcast different stations

History of Communications
The television or iconoscope 1923 (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin - first television camera. John Logie Baird transmits the 1925 first experimental television signal.

History of Communications
Warner Brothers Studios invents 1926 a way to record sound separately from the film on large disks and to synchronize the sound and motion picture tracks upon playback - an improvement on Thomas Edison's work.

History of Communications
NBC starts two radio networks. 1927 CBS founded. First television broadcast in England. Warner Brothers releases The Jazz Singer the first successful talking motion picture.

History of Communications
Radio popularity spreads with the 1930 "Golden Age" of radio. First television broadcasts in the United States. Movietone system of recording film sound on an audio track right on the film invented.

History of Communications
1934 Joseph Begun invents the first

magnetic tape recorder for recording location audio. 1938 Television broadcasts are now able to be taped and edited rather than only live or on film. 1939 Scheduled regular television broadcasts begin.

History of Communications
1944 Computers like Harvard's Mark I

put into public service - the age of Information Science begins 1948 Long playing record invented vinyl and played at 33 rpm. Transistor invented - enabling the miniaturization of electronic devices.

History of Communications
1949 Network television starts in U.S.

and NBC is the First Network 45 rpm record invented 1951 Computers are first sold commercially. 1958 Chester Carlson invents the photocopier or Xerox machine.

History of Communications
1958 Integrated Circuit invented

enabling the further miniaturization of electronic devices and computers. 1963 Zip codes invented in the US 1966 Xerox invents the Telecopier the first successful fax machine.

History of Communications
1969 ARPANET - the first Internet -

started by MIT. 1971 The floppy disc is invented. The microprocessor is invented - called a computer on a chip 1972 HBO invents pay-TV service for cable.

History of Communications
First Apple home computer 1976 invented. First nationwide programming via satellite - implemented by Ted Turner. First cellular phone communi1979 cation network started in Japan.

History of Communications
Sony Walkman invented. 1980 First IBM PC sold. First laptop computers sold to public. Computer mouse becomes 1981 regular part of computer.

History of Communications
Time magazines names the 1983 computer as "Man of the Year." First cellular phone network started in the United States. Apple Macintosh released. 1984 IBM PC AT released.

History of Communications
Cellular telephones in cars 1985 become wide-spread. CD-ROMs in computers. American government releases 1994 control of internet and WWW is born - making communication at lightspeed.

History of Electronics
The is a story of the twentieth century three key componentsthe vacuum tube, the transistor, and the integrated circuit. 1883, Thomas Alva Edison discovered that electrons will flow from one metal conductor to another through a vacuum. ( Edison effect) In 1904, John Fleming applied the Edison effect in inventing a twoelement electron tube called a diode, Lee De Forest followed in 1906 with the three-element tube, the triode.

History of Electronics
In 1947, the transistor was invented by a team of engineers from Bell Laboratories. (Nobel prize) The transistor functions like the vacuum tube, but it is tiny by comparison, weighs less, consumes less power, is much more reliable, and is cheaper to manufacture with its combination of metal contacts and semiconductor materials.

 Integrated circuit was proposed in 1952 by Geoffrey W. A. Dummer, Throughout the 1950s, transistors were mass produced on single wafers and cut apart. By 1961, integrated circuits were in full production at a number of firms, and designs of equipment changed rapidly and in several directions to adapt to the technology. Bipolar transistors and digital integrated circuits were made first, but analog ICs, large-scale integration (LSI), and very-large-scale integration (VLSI) followed by the mid-1970s. VLSI consists of thousands of circuits with on-and-off switches or gates between them on a single chip.

 Small Scale Integrated Circuits (SSI): Less than 100 Transistors per Integrated Circuit or chip Medium Scale Integrated Circuits (MSI): 100 to 1000 Transistors per Integrated Circuit or chip

 Large Scale Integrated Circuits (LSI): 1000 to 10000 Transistors per Integrated Circuit or chip Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI): 10000 to 1 million Transistors per Integrated Circuit or chip

 Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits (ULSI): over 1 million Transistors per Integrated Circuit or Chip

Digital Communication history

Foundation of digital communication is the work of Nyquist(1924) Problem:how to telegraph fastest on a channel of bandwidth W? Ironically, the original model for communications was digital! (Morse code) First telegraph link was established between Baltimore and Washington in 1844

Shannon channel capacity

Claude Shannon, a Bell Labs Mathematician, proved in 1948 that a communication channel is fundamentally speed-limited. This limit is given by C=Wlog2(1+P/NoW) bits/sec Where W is channels bandwidth, P signal power and No is noise spectral density

Digital Communications -History

1958, (Bell Lab.) First call through a stored-program system 1960, (Morris, Illinois) The first commercial telephone service with digital switching begin. 1962, (Bell Lab.) The first T-1 carrier system transmission was installed

Historical Background- Computers Computer Networks

1943~1946, (Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the Univ. of Pennsylvania) ENIAC : first electronic digital computer 1950s Computers and terminals started communicating with each other 1965, Robert Lucky Idea of adaptive equalization 1982, G. Ungerboeck Efficient modulation techniques 1950~1970 Various studies were made on computer networks 1971 Advanced Research Project Agency Network(ARPANET) first put into service; Packet switched Network. 1985, ARPANET was renamed the Internet 1990, Tim Berners-Lee Proposed a hypermedia software interface to internet (World Wide Web)-WWW

Historical Background- SATCOM

Satellite Communications
1945, C. Clark
Studied the use of satellite for communications

1955, John R. Pierce

Proposed the use of satellite for communications

1957, (Soviet Union)

Launched Sputnik I

1958, (United States)

Launched Explorer I

1962, (Bell Lab.)

Launched Telstar I

Historical BackgroundOptical Communications

Optical Communications
1966, K.C. Kao, G. A. Hockham
Proposed the use of a clad glass fiber as a dielectric waveguide

1959~1960
The laser had been invented and developed

Consider
Lack of support!
Telegraph system not practical! Telephone system is useless! Continues battle to gain power and control! Establishing monopoly! Bell refusal to connect! ATT refusal to use others phones People seeking profit

Non-scientists inventions!
Examples
Morse Art teacher Bell Teaching deaf students wanting to become rich Strowger undertaker Josephine Cochrane rich party lady! (Dish Washer) Visionary Ignoring the complexity Strong will Lucky

Characteristics
1. 2. 3. 4.

Communication Systems

Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted information. Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message.

Broadcasting
Broadcasting
Which involves the use of a single powerful transmitter and numerous receivers that are relatively inexpensive to build

point-to-point communications
In which the communication process takes place over a link between a single transmitter and a single receiver.

Broadcasting & Point to Point Communication

Radio
Broadcasting
AM and FM radio
The voices are transmitted from broadcasting stations that operate in our neighborhood Television Transmits visual images and voice

Point-to-point communication
Satellite communication
Built around a satellite in geostationary orbit, relies on line-ofsight radio propagation for the operation of an uplink and a downlink

 Communication Networks

Computers-Application

Consists of the interconnection of a number of routers that are made up of intelligent processors Circuit switching
Is usually controlled by a centralized hierarchical control mechanism with knowledge of the networks entire organization

Packet switching
Store and forward
Any message longer than a specified size is subdivided prior to transmission into segments The original message is reassembled at the destination on a packet-by-packet basis

Advantage
When a link has traffic to sent, the link tends to be more fully utilized.

Information & Communication

Generation and transfer of information is critical to todays businesses and social life. Flow of information both mirror and shape organizational structures. Networks are the enabling technology for this process.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

*Born: March 3, 1847 *Parents: Alexander Melville Bell and Elisa Grace Symonds *Siblings: 2 brothers, Melville and Edward

Early Life
At the Age of 16, Graham began to teach music and speech at a boys school. Years later, Bell started teaching his fathers visual speech to deaf and hearing impaired children.

Bell at age 29

Boston University

While Bell was in Massachusetts, he invented the harmonic telegraph, an instrument that makes it possible to send multiple telegraphs on one line.

The Telephone is Patented

On March 7, 1876, Bell received his patent for the telephone.

Mr.Watson, come here, I want you.

On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was in his testing room with his partner, Watson.

Reeds

The experiment they were working with had reeds that were thin and steel. One of the reeds was stuck so Watson plucked it to try to fix it.

Successful!

When he did, Graham heard the vibration clearly through the newly invented telephone.

Bells Invention

Models of the first electric telephone liquid transmitter (left) and tuned-reed receiver (right)

1876 Patent Issued for Telephone to Alexander Graham Bell

Recognized Alexander Graham Bell as inventor of Telephone

 A telephone is an instrument that sends and receives information, usually by means of electricity. The word telephone comes from Greek words meaning far and sound. The telephone is one of our best ways to communicate. In an emergency a telephone can save your life. You can make a telephone call almost anywhere in the world. Telephones are even used in cars, planes, ships, and on lots of different mechanical machines.

 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire by using electricity Bell's interest in electricity continued and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time.

 Lacking the time and skill to make the equipment for these experiments he enlisted the help of Thomas A. Watson. The two became fast friends and worked together on the tedious experimentation to produce sounds over the "harmonic telegraph." It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire.

 The next day, after much tinkering, the instrument transmitted the sound of Bell's voice to Watson. The instrument transmitted recognizable voice sound, not words. Bell and Watson experimented all summer and in September, 1875, Bell began to write the specifications for his first telephone patent. By March 1876 he managed to make a transmission, but the sound was very faint.

 The patent was issued on March 7, 1876. The telephone carried its first intelligible sentence three days later in the rented top floor of a Boston boarding house at 109 Court Street, Boston By the summer of 1877, the telephone had become a business. The first private lines, which typically connected a businessman's home and his office, had been placed in service

 From the telephone's earliest days, Bell understood his invention's vast potential. He wrote in 1878: "I believe in the future, wires will unite the head offices of telephone companies in different cities, and a man in one part of the country may communicate by word of mouth with another in a distant place."

Movies 1 & 2

Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell Telephone Controversy

Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray was an American electrical engineer who developed a telephone prototype in 1874, in Highland Park, Illinois and had 70 patents for his own inventions. Grays patents were financed by Dr. Samuel White, a prominent Philadelphia dentist, who made his fortune on producing porcelain teeth. He believed that their was no profit in the telephone, so Gray abandoned his plans. Many believe Gray to be the true inventor of the telephone, only to be cheated out of credit by history.

So, who got to the patent office first?

According to Gray, he had submitted his patent caveat first thing in the morning on February 14, 1876, in Washington DC and remained near the bottom of the in-basket until late in the afternoon. Bells application, was submitted by his lawyer, shortly before noon and insisted on the Patent Clerk receipting the filing fee immediately, thus Bells application was entered first.

Lawsuits
From 1878-1888, Bell was accused of patent fraud. The patent examiner, Zenas Wilber, was accused of revealing information to Bells lawyer that Gray had submitted an identical patent earlier in the morning. Evidence was introduced to the court that Bells 1876 US patent, had a specific 7 sentence claim that did not appear on any of patent drawings, or earlier drafts, but did appear on Grays.

Lawsuits (Contd)
After numerous appeals, Wilber admitted under oath to taking a $100 bribe from Bells patent attorney and in fact had allowed Bells lawyers to see Grays patent application and make the necessary corrections in Bells name. Bell countered under oath that no such thing occurred and Wilber was an alcoholic.

Impact
Even though Bell is still accused in some circles, history has long forgotten Grays contribution to the invention of the telephone.

Bell in fact did end up using Grays transmitter design after his own patent was accepted, but quickly abandoned it.

 Bell's greatest success was achieved on March 10, 1876, marked not only the birth of the telephone but the death of the multiple telegraph as well. By the end of 1880, there were 47,900 telephones in the United States. The following year telephone service between Boston and Providence had been established 1892:Service between New York and Chicago started 1894:Service between New York and Boston started 1915:Transcontinental service by overhead wire started 1889:Almon B. Strowger invented a switch that could connect one line to any of 100 lines by using relays and sliders. 1989: These switches were in use till then.

Commercial Use

 Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first private handheld mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973.

The Telephone
The telephone may seem like a complicated machine, but it really is one of the simplest devices that you may find in your home, or anywhere else you can imagine.

A Sad day in History

On August 2, 1922, Alexander Graham Bell died at his home in Baddek Nova Scotia.