CONTENTS

Introduction Types of batteries Lead Acid battery Active materials of Lead Acid cell Chemical changes Internal resistance & capacity of cell Efficiencies of the cell Indication of fully charged cell Electrical characteristics Specifications Schematic arrangement of DC supply Arrangement in TG building for DC supply

INTRODUCTION
An

electric battery is a device which is capable of converting stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Types of Batteries : a) primary battery b) Secondary battery

PRIMARY BATTERY
An electric battery consists of a number of electrochemical cells, connected either in series or parallel. A cell, which is basic unit of battery, may be defined as power generating device. If the stored energy is inherently present in the chemical substances, it is called as primary battery or non-rechargeable battery. Exp : Leclanche cell, zinc- chlorine cell.

SECONDARY BATTERY
When

energy is induced in the chemical substances by applying an external source, it is called as secondary cell or rechargeable cell. A battery made out of these cells is called a secondary battery or storage battery or rechargeable battery. Exp : Lead-acid cell, nickelcadmium cell, nickel cadmium cell.

LEAD-ACID BATTERY
A battery consists of a number of cells and each cell of the battery consist of Positive and Negative plates Separators Electrolyte Container
1.

PLATES : A plate consist of a lattice type of grid of cast antimonial lead alloy which is covered with active material. The grid not only serves as a support for the active material but also conduct electric current. Grids for the positive and negative plates are often of the same design although negative plate grids are somewhat lighter. Positive plates are usually plante plates whereas negative plates are faure type.

Contd

2. SEPARTORS : These are thin sheets of a porous material placed between the positive and negative plates for preventing contacts between Them and thus avoiding internal short- circuiting of the battery. A separator must be sufficiently porous to allow diffusion or circulation of electrolyte between plates. These are made up of especially treated ceder wood, glass wool mat, micro porous rubber, micro porous plastics etc. In addition to good porosity, a separator must possess high electrical resistance and mechanical strength

3. ELCTOLYTE :It is dilute sulphuric acid which fills the cell compartment to immerse the plates completely. 4. CONTAINER :It may be made of vulcanized rubber or moulded hard rubber, moulded plastic, ceramics, glass or celluloid. The vulcanized rubber containers are used for car service, while glass container are superior for lighting plants are wireless sets. Celluloid containers are mostly used for portable wireless set batteries.

ACTIVE MATERIALS OF A LEAD-ACID CELL Those substances of the cell which take active part in chemical combination and hence absorb or produce electricity during charging or discharging, are known as Active materials of the cell. The active materials of a lead acid cell are: 1. Lead peroxide (PbO2) for positive plate 2. Sponge Lead (Pb) for negative plate

3. Dilute Sulphuric Acid(H2SO4) as electrolyte

Contd

LEAD PEROXIDE : It is a combination of lead and oxygen, is dark chocolate brown in colour and is quit hard but brittle substance. It is made up of one atom of lead (Pb) and two atoms of oxygen(O2) and its chemical formula is PbO2. So, it forms the positive active material.
SPONGE LEAD : It is pure lead in soft sponge or porous condition. Its chemical formula is Pb and forms the negative active material.

 DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID :It is having 3 parts of water and 1 part sulphuric acid. Its chemical formula is H2SO4. The positive and negative plates are immersed in this solution which is known as electrolyte. It is the medium through which the current produces chemical changes. Hence, the lead acid cell depends for its action on the presence of two plates covered with PbO2 and Pb in a solution of dilute H2SO4 of specific gravity of 1.20.

CHEMICAL CHANGES

1. DISCHARGING When the cell is fully charged, its positive plate or anode is PbO2 and the negative plate or cathode is Pb. When the cell discharges i.e it sends current through the external load, then H2SO4 is dissociated into positive H2 and negative SO4 ions. As the current within the cell is flowing from cathode to anode, H2 ions move to anode and SO4 ions move to the cathode. At ANODE, H2 combines with the oxygen of PbO2 and H2SO4 attacks lead to form PbSO4. PbO2+H2+H2SO4 PbSO4+2H2O

At the CATODE, SO4 combines with it to form PbSO4 Pb+SO4 PbSO4

So, it will be noted that during Discharging: i) Both anode and cathode becomes PbSO4 which is somewhat whitish in colour. ii) Due to formation of water, specific gravity of the acid decreases. iii) Voltage of the cell decreases iv) The cell gives out energy.

DISCHARGING

load

+
+ H H+
PbO2 PbSO4 PbSO4 Pb

+ H
H+
SO4 SO4 SO4 SO4

+ H

SO4

+ H2SO4 4

CHARGING When the cell is recharged, the H2 ions moves to cathode and SO4 ions go to anode . At Cathode

PbSO4 + H2 Pb + H2SO4
At Anode

PbSO4+SO4+2H2O PbO2+2H2SO4
So, it will be noted that during Charging: i) The anode becomes dark chocolate in colour(PbO2) and cathode becomes grey metallic lead (Pb). ii) Due to consumption of water, specific gravity of H2SO4 is increased. iii) There is rise in voltage. iv) Energy is absorbed by the cell.

The charging and discharging of the cell can be represented by a single reversible equation given by : PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb PbSO4 +2H2O +PbSO4

CHARGING
D C SUPPLY

+ H + H
PbSO4 Pb

+
SO4
PbSO2 PbO4

SO4 SO4 SO4

+ H H+

H+

SO4

H2O +H2SO4SO4 H2SO4 +

INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Secondary cell possesses internal resistance due to which some voltage is lost in the form of potential drop across it when current is flowing. Hence internal resistance of the cell has to be kept minimum. Ways to restrict internal resistance : 1) Increase the size of plates. 2) Decrease the length of the electrolyte between the electrodes. 3) Join all the negative plates together and all the positive plates together.

CAPACITY OF THE CELL

Capacity of a cell is given by the product of current in amps and the time in hrs during which the cell can supply current until its emf falls to 1.8 volts. It is expressed in ampere-hour. The interlacing of plates not only decrease the internal resistance but additionally increase the capacity of the cell.

Efficiencies of the cell

1. The quantity or A-Hr efficiency 2. The energy or Watt-Hr efficiency amp-hr discharge amp-hr charge
Av. volts on discharge Av. Volts on charge

A-Hr effi. =

Watt-Hr effi. =A-h effi. x

Contd..

The A-hr of a lead acid battery is normally between 90-95 % and W-h is 72-80 %. Because of gassing which takes place during charge, the Ah available for delivery from battery decreases. It also decreases due to :i) self charging of the plates caused due to local reactions. ii) due to leakage of current because of faulty insulation between the cell of the battery. So, it is clear from formula that anything which increases the charge volts or reduce the discharge volts will decrease the Watt-hr efficiency.

INDICATIONS OF A FULLY CHARGED CELL

1. 2. 3. 4.

GASSING VOLTAGE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ELECTROLYE COLOUR

GASSING : When the cell is fully charged, it freely gives off hydrogen at cathode and oxygen at the anode this process is known as GASSING. Gassing at both plates indicates that the current is no longer doing any useful work and hence should be stopped. Moreover, when the cell is fully charged ,the electrolyte assumes a milky appearance. VOLTAGE : The voltage cease to rise when the cell becomes fully charged. The value of the voltage of a fully charged cell is a variable quantity being affected by the rate of charging, the temperature and specific gravity of the electrolyte. The approx value of the emf is 2.1 V or so.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ELECTROLYTE : During discharging, the density of electrolyte decreases due to production of water, whereas it increases during charging due to absorption of water. The value of density when the cell is fully charged is 1.21 and 1.18 when discharged up to 1.8 V. Specific gravity can be measured with a suitable hydrometer which consists of a float, a chamber for the electrolyte and a squeeze bulb.
COLOUR : The colour of plates, on full charge, is deep chocolate brown for positive plate and clear slate gray for negative plate and the cell looks quit brisk and alive.

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERSTICS

VOLTAGE CAPACITY EFFICIENCY

a) b) c)

VOLTAGE : The open ckt voltage of a fully charged cell is approx. 2.2 V. This value is not fixed but depends on Length of time since it was last charged. Specific gravity-voltage increasing with increase in sp. Gravity. Temperature-Voltage increases with in temp. The voltage should not be allowed to fall to lower than 1.8volts,otherwise hard insoluble lead sulphate is formed on the plate which increases the internal resistance of the cell.

The rapid fall in voltage at higher rate of discharge is due to the rapid increase in the internal resistance of the cell. Capacity: It is measured in ampere-hours. The capacity depends on the following. a) Rate of discharge: Capacity decreases with increase rate of discharge. Rapid rate of discharge means greater fall in potential diff. of the cell due to internal resistance of the cell. So with rapid discharge the weakening of the acid in the pores of the plate is also greater. b) Temperature: At higher temp. i) chemical reaction with the cell take place more vigorously ii) The resistance of acid is decreased iii) There is better diffusion of electrolyte.

Hence high temp. increases the capacity of Lead Acid cells. However at higher temp. a) The acid attacks the antimony Lead alloy grid terminal posts & wooden separator. b) The paste is rapidly changed into Lead Sulphate. Hence it is not advisable to work batteries above 40 deg. Celsius
c) Density of Electrolyte: As the density of electrolyte affects the internal resistance & the vigour of chemical reaction, it has an important effect on the capacity. Hence capacity increases with the density.

d) Quantity if active material: Since production of electricity depends on chemical action, so it shows that the capacity of the battery must depend directly upon the kind & amount of active material used.

SPECIFICATIONS
Switchyard batteries: 220 V
MAKE EXIDE INDUSTRIES LTD.

TYPE TYPE OF CELLS CAPACITY(AH) NO. OF CELLS NO OF BANKS NOMINAL CELL VOLTAGE Sp. GRAVITY AT 27 Deg. Cel.

LEAD ACID YKP31 375 111 1 2.1 1.195~1.205

SWITCH YARD BATTERIES:48 V

MAKE TYPE TYPE OF CELLS CAPACITY(AH) NO. OF CELLS NO OF BANKS NOMINAL CELL VOLTAGE Sp. GRAVITY AT 27 Deg. Cel.

EXIDE INDUSTRIES LTD. LEAD ACID YKP15 175 24 1 2.1 1.195~1.205

MAIN PLANT BATTERIES: 220 V

MAKE TYPE TYPE OF CELLS CAPACITY(AH) NO. OF CELLS NO OF BANKS NOMINAL CELL VOLTAGE Sp. GRAVITY AT 27 Deg. Cel.

EXIDE INDUSTRIES LTD. LEAD ACID YHP25 1285 111 2 (111 CELLS IN EACH/UNIT) 2.1 1.195~1.205

FLOAT CUM BOOST CHARGER-SCR CONTROL FOR SWITCHYARD( 220V,375 AH PLANTE BATTERY)
NUMBERS I/P POWER SUPPLY O/P VOLTAGE AUTO MANUAL BOOST MODE O/P CURRENT MODE OF OPERATION CONNECTED BATTERY BANK 2 415 V ,3 PHASE ,50 Hz FLOAT MODE 247.53 (2.23 V/ CELL) 0 TO 247.53 V UPTO 2.75 V/CELL 45 Amps (Max) AUTO/MANUAL 111 Nos. OF LEAD ACID CELL OF 375 AH CAPACITY( PLANTE)

FLOAT CUM BOOST CHARGER-SCR CONTROL FOR SWITCHYARD( 48V,175 AH PLANTE BATTERY)
NUMBERS I/P POWER SUPPLY O/P VOLTAGE AUTO MANUAL BOOST MODE O/P CURRENT MODE OF OPERATION CONNECTED BATTERY BANK 2 415 V ,3 PHASE ,50 Hz FLOAT MODE 53.52 (2.23 V/ CELL) 0 TO 53.32 V UPTO 2.75 V/CELL 41 Amps (Max) AUTO/MANUAL 24 Nos. OF LEAD ACID CELL OF 175 AH CAPACITY( PLANTE)

FLOAT CUM BOOST CHARGER-SCR CONTROL FOR MAIN PLANT(220 V,1285 AH PLANTE BATTERY)
NUMBERS I/P POWER SUPPLY O/P VOLTAGE AUTO MANUAL BOOST MODE O/P CURRENT MODE OF OPERATION CONNECTED BATTERY BANK 2/UNIT 415 V ,3 PHASE ,50 Hz FLOAT MODE 247.53 (2.23 V/ CELL) 0 TO 247.53 V UPTO 2.75 V/CELL 484 Amps (Max) AUTO/MANUAL 111 Nos. OF LEAD ACID CELL OF 1285 AH CAPACITY( PLANTE)

SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR DC SUPPLY

AC
CHARGER#1

AC
CHARGER#2

DC
DCDB

DC
DCDB DCDB

INCOMMER#1

INCOMMER#2

BUS COUPLER

TO LOAD

TO LOAD

Distribution of DC supply in TG Building

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13.

GT MB ST MB UAT MB 6.6 KV Unit Aux S/G Generator Protection Panel Excitation System 6.6 KV CHP handling S/G 6.6 KV Ash handling Water system S/G FSSS DCS Trip Cabinet LT S/G 415 V Emergency MCC 415 V Turbine Aux MCC

Contd
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23.
24. 25.

415 V Boiler Aux MCC Fire Fighting Fuel oil Coal Bunker MCC Panel DEH Control panel Flame Detector Jacking oil pump Lub oil pump Transducer panel Lighting panel ETP , water treatment, ESP DC Emergency