LSR

Characterization of earthquakes
Response spectra & Design Response spectra

L.S. Ramachandra
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, I.I.T.,Kharagpur
UNDP training Programme on Earthquake-Resistant
Design of buildings, July 1-3, 2004
UNDP training Programme on Earthquake-Resistant Design of buildings, July 1-3 2004
Earths Interior
Source: USGS
Crust
The earths crust is a dynamic assembly of moving
plates whose interactions explain the occurrence of
earthquake
Mantle
It contains high concentration of magnesium and iron.It
is in semi molten condition. Temperature is 5000 C
which causes convection currents.
Core
The outer core is semi molten where as the inner
core is solid due to high pressure
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the continual slow movement of the
tectonic plates, the outermost part of the earth.
Source: USGS
Earthquakes
Plate tectonics action introduce stresses in rock
present in earths crust. These rocks are elastic and
brittle in nature
When the stresses reach a critical value, the
rocks break along weak section (fault) and
release enormous energy
The sudden release of energy, results in shaking
of earth which is known as earthquake
The earthquake commonly occurs along plate
boundaries
Some past earthquakes
Seismic Zone map of India: IS 1893-1984
Revised Indian Seismic Zone Map
Source: IS
1893-2002
Source: IIT, Kanpur
Faults
Rocks deform along faults.
Source: UC Berkeley
Seismic Waves
The sudden displacement of rocks generate seismic
Waves
Body waves and surface waves
Primary-Waves:Short Wavelength and high frequency.
Velocity: 5-7 Kms/sec.
Shear Wave or S-Wave
S-waves travel at a speed of 3.5 Kms/sec.
Surface Waves
Long Wavelengths and low frequency. Slower than
Body waves
Damaging to foundation of Structures
Love Wave
Sideways motion of particles in the horizontal plane
Rayleigh Waves
Elliptic motion of particles in the vertical plane
Focus
Seismic waves
Fault

Epicentre
Focus and Epicentre
Strong Ground motion
Accelerogram from El Centro earthquake, May 18, 1940
(NS component)
Amplitude,frequency content and duration

Seismograph (Source: ://www.thetech.org/)
Characteristics of strong ground motion
Peak amplitude (Peak ground acceleration, PGA)
Magnitude of Earthquake
Magnitude is measured using Richters scale. It
accounts for the amplitude of waves with the distance
from the epicentre
In the Richters scale the logarithm of the amplitude of
waves recorded by seismographs is measured.
As, the scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1
on the scale indicates tenfold increase in the motion of
the ground and corresponds to the release of about 31
times more energy.
Magnitude

Approximate Equivalent TNT Energy
4.0 1010 tons
5.0 31800 tons
6.0 1,010,000 tons
7.0 31,800,000 tons
8.0 1,010,000,000 tons
9.0 31,800,000,000 tons
Amount of Energy released during a earthquake
I Ton of TNT = 4.2 x 10
9
Joules

Descriptor Magnitude Average Annually
Great 8 and higher 1
Major 7 - 7.9 18
Strong 6 - 6.9 120
Moderate 5 - 5.9 800
Light 4 - 4.9 6,200 (estimated)
Minor 3 - 3.9 49,000 (estimated)
Very Minor < 3.0 Magnitude 2 - 3: about 1,000 /day
Magnitude 1 - 2: about 8,000 /day
Global Occurrence of earthquakes
Intensity of earthquake
Modified Mercalli Intensity scale is used. It is a qualitative
scale. It is marked from I to XII. It is based on:
Human Perception
Building Response
Changes in Natural Surroundings
Effect of Earthquake on Structures
Building natural frequency
Building Height Typical Natural Period
2 story .2 seconds
5 story .5 seconds
10 story 1.0 seconds
Period=1/Natural frequency
Representative values of periods of buildings
Ground motion
Height, Stiffness and Period
Natural Period of Vibration
The approximate natural period of vibration (T
a
) in
seconds of a moment Resisting frame building without
brick infill panels is
T
a
=0.075 h
0.75
For RC frame building
=0.085 h
0.75
For steel frame building
h=height of the building in m.
Resonance
Buildings suffer the greatest damage from ground
motion at a frequency close or equal to their own
natural frequency.

Inertial force F=Ma
Response of a simple Rigid block
Ground Motion
Ground motion
Lateral forced induced in a multistoried building
B
A
C
D
k/2
k/2
m
Section of a building
Mathematical model
The transverse vibration of the building
Few Mathematical Preliminaries
x
g
= ground displacement; x
t
=total motion of the building;
x = column distortion
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = + + t x k t x c t x m
t

The equation of motion of this SDOF system is
eff g
p t x m t x k t x c t x m = = + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

Or,
The response of the frame to specified ground
acceleration may be obtained by Duhamels integral
t t e t
e
t e
d t e x t x
D
t
t
g
D
) ( sin ) (
1
) (
) (
0
=

}

Where
c
c
c
=
max
0
) ( sin ) ( exp[ ) (
(
=
}
t
g v
d t t t x S t t e t e

Let
The maximum value of response is
e
v
S
x =
max
and
2
1 e e =
D
Response Spectrum Concept
Different buildings respond in widely different
manners to the same earthquake ground motion
The same building would respond differently for
different earthquake
To represent different buildings response to the
same earthquake a graphical representation known
as Response Spectrum is used.
A response spectrum is a graph which plots
the maximum response values of
acceleration, velocity and displacement
against period for various damping values.
S
d
, S
v
and S
d
are the displacement, velocity and
acceleration response spectra. They are related by
e
v
d
S
S =
d v a
S S S
2
e e = =
and
Simplified Response Spectra
Psuedovelocity response spectrum, El Centro earthquake,
1940
Response Spectra for El Centro Earthquake, 1940
If T=0.3 Sec. and
% 5 =
Then S
a
=0.5g
Inertial force F=Ma
m
For structures with relatively long periods above 15 sec.
the maximum displacement response Sd is practically
equal to the maximum ground displacement for all
damping values and maximum acceleration response
Sa is very small.

Flexible Structure
A system with short periods less than 0.035 sec. the
maximum acceleration S
a

approaches the maximum
ground acceleration and S
d

is very small.

Stiff structure
The maximum force developed in a SDOF system
a d d s
mS mS kS f = = =
2
e
The jagged response spectrum is a plot of maximum
response of different oscillators to a given
accelerogram and hence is a description of a particular
ground motion.
The earthquake-resistant design depends on
Site seismological data concerning the earthquake
Return periods of earthquakes
The response spectrum for different earthquakes
would be different
Design Response Spectrum
The design spectrum should be representative of
ground motions recorded at the site during past
earthquakes
If no past earthquake histories are recorded at a site
then, the design spectrum for that site should be
based on ground motions recorded at other sites
under similar conditions
The same design spectrum has to reflect
the potential shaking from different earthquakes
The shape of the design spectra is determined
averaging several comparable several response
spectra.
Construction of elastic design spectrum
The jagged response spectrum is a plot of the maximum
response (acceleration, velocity and displacement) of all
SDOF systems to a particular earthquake and hence it
is a description of the particular earthquake.
The smooth design spectrum is a specification of the
level of seismic design force for which the structure is
being designed.

LSR

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

LSR

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Characterization of earthquakes

Response spectra & Design Response spectra

Anda mungkin juga menyukai