What is Transmission

Transmission is the act of transporting information from one location to another via a signal. Transmit means to issue signals to the network medium Transmission refers to either the process of transmitting or the progress of signals after they have been transmitted. Signal Types:

5V

5V

0V

0V

Analog

Digital

Both types of signals are generated by electrical current, the pressure of which is measured in volts

Signal Types

An analog signal, like other waveforms, is characterized by four fundamental properties: amplitude, frequency, wavelength and phase

A waves amplitude Frequency Phase

Digital signals composed of

pulses precise positive voltages and zero voltages

Modulation & Digitization

Transmission of digital data over an analog line is achieved using by the technique called modulation. Three basic types of modulation are possible: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Digitization is essentially the opposite of modulation. Whereas in modulation a digital signal is modulated over an analog signal for transmission, in digitization an analog signal is converted into digital format through a process of sampling.

A popular digitization technique is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Sampling an analog signal

Transmission Direction

Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex Channel

Multiplexing

Allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium In order to carry multiple signals, the mediums channel is logically
separated into multiple smaller channels, or sub channels

A device that can combine many signals on a channel, a multiplexer

(mux), is required at the sending end of the channel

At the receiving end, a demultiplexer (demux) separates the combined

signals and regenerates them in their original form
There are two basic multiplexing methods: Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Transmission Media

Transmission Media Wired Media (Guided Media) Twisted Pair Coaxial cable Optical fiber Wireless Media (Unguided Media) Radio wave Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Communication

Media Characteristics

Five characteristics are considered when choosing a data transfer media:

Throughput Costs Size and Scalability Connectors

Noise Immunity

The type of media least susceptible to noise is fiber-optic cable

Choosing The Right Transmission Medium

Most environments will contain a combination of these factors; you must therefore weigh the significance of each

Areas of high EMI Distance Security Existing infrastructure Growth

Communication Model

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network

FTP
ASCII/Binary TCP IP Ethernet

Application

Transport Network Link

Link
Physical

The 7-layer OSI Model

The 4-layer Internet model

Packet Encapsulation

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The data is sent down the protocol stack Each layer adds to the data by prepending headers

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 64 to 1500 Bytes

4Bytes

10

What is a Transmission Network?

Telecom. Office Switching NE Transmission NE

Telecom. Office Switching NE Transmission NE

Trunk (PDH, SDH over Optical Cable)

Loop (Twist Pair Digital Loop Carrier xDSL Wireless Local Loop)

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Components of Transmission Network

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Transport Technologies and Protocols

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

D-WDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing C-WDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing OTN Optical Transport Network (G.709) ASTN / ASON - Automatic Switched Telecommunication / Optical Network Data (Ethernet)
13

Evolution of Digital Access

Pure Fibre
Hybrid Fibre/Copper FTTH

Enhanced Copper

ADSL
ISDN

FTTx, VDSL2, ADSL2plus (FTTC/FTTB)

Voiceband Modem
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Different Access Technologies

Telephone Copper wires

POTS
ISDN xDSL

Fiber Communciation
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint

Mobile Communication
GSM 3G/WCDMA HSPA LTE

15

Why Fiber??

Example Download of a 10M ppt file

Fixed access 10 sec

(8Mb/s)

0,8 sec Mobile (100Mb/s) 1,6 sec (50Mb/s)

access
6 sec 3,5 min

0,8 sec (100Mb/s)

24 min

2h 20 min

Access speed is no longer the limitation for services

16

What is Fiber to the Home (FTTH)?

An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customers premise. Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission media.
OAN: ONU: OLT: Optical Access Network Optical Network Unit Optical Line Termination

OAN
CO/HE //

OLT

ONU

17

Why FTTH? Fibre Vs Copper

Glass
Uses light Transparent Dielectric materialnonconductive
EMI immune

Copper
Uses electricity Opaque Electrically conductive material
Susceptible to EMI

Low thermal expansion Brittle, rigid material Chemically stable

High thermal expansion Ductile material Subject to corrosion and galvanic reactions
Fortunately, its recyclable

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FTTH Architecture

Office Parks Small Businesses

ONT

Residential
ONT ONT

ONT

Copper Distribution

FTTP Overlay
Small Businesses

FTTP Full Build

ONT

|
Circuit Switch
Copper Feeder

Splitter Hub

Splitter
Splitter
ONT ONT ONT ONT

Splitter
ONT ONT

Splitter

OLT

New Buried Development

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PDH

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

plesiochronous
Nearly synchronised, a term describing a communication system where transmitted signals have the same nominal digital rate but are synchronised on different clocks. According to ITU-T recommendations, corresponding signals are plesiochronous if their significant instants occur at nominally the same rate, with any variation in rate being constrained within specified limits. [Pronunciation? /ples'ee-oh-kroh'nus/?]

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Multiplexing Hierarchy in ETSI PDH

Frame Synchronization 31 x 64kbit/s 8000Hz
64kbit/s Time slot 0

Primary Rate E1, 2.048Mbit/s +/- 50ppm

E1 2Mbit PCM frame

A Voice D Structured E1 Pay load 31 x 64kbit/s,

E0 64kbit Time Slots Channels Muxed byte by byte

8000 samples/sec. with 8 bit(1 byte)/sample

= 64000bit/s (E0)
Frame length=125s

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Multiplexing Hierarchy in ETSI PDH

Level 4

Europe 139,264 kbit/s 139,264 kbit/s x4 34,368 kbit/s 34,368 kbit/s x4 8,448 kbit/s 8,448 kbit/s x4 2,048 kbit/s 2,048 kbit/s ... x 32 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s

North America 139,264 kbit/s 139,264 kbit/s x3 44,736 kbit/s 44,736 kbit/s

Japan 97,728 kbit /s 97,728 kbit /s x3 32,064 kbit/s 32,064 kbit/s x5

x7 6,312 kbit/s 6,312 kbit/s x4 1,544 kbit/s 1,544 kbit/s ... x 24 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s

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Drawbacks of a PDH Network

Not able to identify channels within a signal of higher order

Could have been overcome with large scale ASIC integration Transmux or skipmux interfaces were designed for SDH Need to fully de-multiplex to access any constituent lower order signal, hence add/drop is very complex and expensive

Not standardised for rates above 140 Mb/s Regionally different hierarchies
US based on 270 Mb/s, Europe 140 Mb/s, Japan 100 Mb/s

565 Mb/s systems were designed and extensively deployed, but were proprietary

Proprietary network management

And, very limited in-band management capability Limited surveillance and management features

No standardised protection capability

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SDH & NG-SDH

25

Why SDH?

Do transport PDH traffic without the typical draw back of PDH technology, accessing to low rate channels without unpacking everything:
Multiplexing structure

Standardised higher bit rate systems

Common set of line rates between SONET and SDH cheaper components
Better management and communications

Protection functionality - line and path options

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SDH Multiplexing Structure

40Gb/s 10Gb/s

1x
STM-256 AUG-256 AU-4-256c VC-4-256c C-4-256c

1x 1x
STM-64 AUG-64

4x
AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c

1x

4x 1x
AUG-16 VC-4-16c C-4-16c

2.5Gb/s
622Mb/s

STM-16

AU-4-16c

1x 1x
STM-4 AUG-4

4x
AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c

1x 1x

4x
AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 TU-3 VC-3 C-3

155Mb/s

STM-1

1x 3x
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3

3x

1x
TUG-3

1x
LEGEND:

7x

7x 1x
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2

xxx

POINTER PROCESSING MULTIPLEXING

(N is multiplexing factor)

3x
TU-12 VC-12 C-12

Nx

ALIGNING MAPPING

4x
TU-11 VC-11 C-11

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Microwave

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What is Microwave Communication ?

A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band spanning 2 to 60 GHz. As per IEEE, electromagnetic waves between 30 and 300 GHz are called millimeter waves (MMW) instead of microwaves as their wavelengths are about 1 to 10mm. Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less than 3 GHz while medium and large capacity systems utilize frequencies ranging from 3 to 15 GHz. Frequencies > 15 GHz are essentially used for short-haul transmission

29

Elements of a Microwave link

Antenna

Outdoor eqpt

Interconnecting cable TX/RX

TX/RX

Site A

Indoor eqpt

Site B

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Building Blocks of Microwave link (Tx. Section)

Basic building blocks are: Modulator : Converts the basband input digital to an intermediate frequency called IF. Transmitter: Modulates a MW carrier with the IF signal RF TX filter: Its a band pass filter that allows only desired frequency to be transmitted. Branching Network : Branching network isolates Tx and Rx paths in a microwave equipment. Feeder : Feeder refers to the waveguide that connects Branching network to the antenna

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Frequency Bands

Following are the frequency bands available for commercial use in MW links : 1. 7-8 GHz

2. 11 GHz
3. 13 GHz 4. 15 GHz 5. 18 GHz 6. 23 GHz 7. 26 GHz 8. 38 GHz Each of these bands is divided into further sub-bands. This facilitates to allocate frequencies to different operators without causing mutual interference in their networks.

32

Advantages of Microwave Radio

Less affected by natural calamities Less prone to accidental damage Links across mountains and rivers are more economically feasible Single point installation and maintenance Single point security They are quickly deployed

33

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

34

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

1 TX2 2 TX3 3 TX4 4

TX1

WHAT IS WDM?

DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS ON THE SAME FIBRE

35

WDM Technology

DWDM
Dense WDM 50/100GHz spacing (0.4/0.8nm) High power long reach 80 channel systems Up to 40Gb/s an more Tunable lasers 80 channel C band @ OTM-2 (10Gb/s)

CWDM
Coarse WDM 2500GHz spacing (20 nm) Limited reach 8 (16) channel systems Limited capacity (2.5Gb/s SFP based)

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Mobile Network

37

Typical 2G/3G RAN Backhaul Architecture

Radio Access Network

BTS
BSC Abis Abis E1
E1/ ChSTM-1

DXC
E1/ ChSTM-1

Iub

PDH/SDH TDM Leased Lines

RNC

ATM/IMA, n x E1

NodeB

E1/ ChSTM-1

ATM Switch

Iub
STM-1 ATM

Iu

Both, 2G TDM and 3G ATM traffic are backhauled over TDM leased lines Leased lines for backhaul accounts today 40%-60% of Mobile Operators Operational Expenses (OpEx)
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ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell switching protocol (53-byte cell length). ATM provides QoS guarantees. This means that a certain network node notifies ATM that the data or service requested requires a certain level of priority. Figure shows an ATM cell layout.

Header

P a y lo a d

5 b y te s

4 8 b y te s 5 3 b y te s

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IP
IP (Internet Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that is primarily responsible for addressing and routing packets between network devices. The packets can be as small4as 20 bytes and as large as 64 Kbytes. Bytes
Version IHL Type of Service Total length

Identification

Flags

Fragment Offset

Time to Live

Protocol

Header Ckecksum

Source Address

Destination Address

Options (variable)

Padding

DATA (VARIABLE)

Addresses are 4 bytes long in version 4 and in version 6 they are 16 bytes long. If IP is used with the higher protocol TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) the smallest packet is 40 bytes long because it has to transmit both headers
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ATM over PDH

The ATM cells are mapped onto primary PDH frames as shown in Figure
PDH Frame n+3 PDH Frame n+2 PDH Frame n+1 PDH Frame n

ATM Cell n

ATM Cell n+1

The available capacity for ATM traffic in a primary PDH frame (E1) is 30 time slots, which is equal to 30 bytes. The length of the ATM cell is 53 bytes, thus in an E1 bitstream the maximum ATM cell rate is approximately 4500 cells/s and in one T1 bitstream only a rate of 3600 cells/s can be achieved.

41

When mapping ATM cells directly onto an SDH frame, one VC4 is used. See Figure.

42

IP over ATM
Methods for running IP over ATM are:
Classical IP over ATM (also called CLIP). This is the method used in UTRAN. Local Area Network Emulation (also called LANE or LAN-Emulation). Multiprotocol over ATM (also called MPOA). Multiprotocol Label Switching (Also called MPLS).

43

Ethernet to enable All-IP RAN

Network flexibility from microwave and optical

Packet Ethernet TDM TDM & Eth/TDM TDM

Smooth transition for Ethernet introduction

Packet Ethernet TDM TDM Packet Trsp / WDM

TDM

Packet Overlay for high capacity

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Summary: Components of a Transport Network

OSS/NMS/control layer
NMS OSS

DWDM

DXC 3G Core

NG-SDH

RPR/ TMPLS/ PBT

POTPS

Transmission Core

Router MSC/GMSCG IPTV Core Soft Switch CS / GSR GSN/SGSN CMS/HMS

L3S/ BRAS

3G RNC

IPTV EMS

Aggregation
VoIP AG

L2S

Node B

PON OLT

DSLAM/ MSAN

Access Terminal

PC

Mobile Phone

STB/TV

Tele/video Phone

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Where Ethernet Fits Into the Mobile Operators Network Evolution Plans

46

Mobile Backhaul - Key Market Trends

Enhanced user-experience demands higher-speed data rates

HSDPA the killer application for mobile backhaul Flat rate

4G technology (WiMAX and LTE) standardization is in the final stage of approval process
Will take 3-4 years till mass deployment Many operators will use PW as IP solution till LTE availability in order to skip one hardware upgrade phase

Access is definitely the bandwidth bottleneck

PDH/TDM is not a scalable solution

Backhaul networks migrating to Ethernet

The mobile RAN is migrating from TDM and ATM to IP/ETH

All IP RAN evolution will happen gradually and not in one step
2G/3G Base Stations will co-exist for a long time with 3G taking over gradually Base Stations with TDM/ATM I/Fs will stay for at last 3~5 years
47

3G is great, but what is next?

Ethernet Solutions for Cell Backhaul is driven by WCDMA/HSPA Evolution

WiMAX and 4G (LTE) technologies standardization coming soon Continuous Improvement of Data Capabilities
T1/E1 will not scale, Ethernet is the only solution During this year new NodeB will support Ethernet This will increase the demand for Ethernet to the cell site 48

Ethernet will be supported in latest releases of NodeB

Ethernet Service Delivery over Different Access Network Technologies

10/100BaseT 10/100BaseT

Ethernet over Fiber (EoF)

Ethernet Service Provider

Ethernet over SDH (EoS)

10/100BaseT

10/100BaseT

10/100BaseT

Ethernet can be delivered over many different types of access network technologies
49

Traffic Differentiation and QoS

Three level of Priorities are required as minimal

Priority 1 for Voice and Management Priority 2 for R99 3G Data Priority 3 for HSPA/HSUPA Priority 4 might be needed for HSDPA (Best Effort Service)
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Widespread Consensus on the need for PW

Major operators are deploying PW solutions at the cell site and it plays an important role in the evolution of mobile backhaul networks to IP/Ethernet
T-Mobile, Telecom Italia, Swisscom, Taiwan Mobile and eMobile (Japan) are just few operators that announce PW deployment in 2007 For many carriers Pseudo-Wire is not a question of if any more but a question of where? and when?

Emulated TDM/ ATM/HDLC PW Service BTS BSC E1 ETH ATM/IMA Carrier Ethernet RAN
G.823/824 Compliant Clock PWE3 Gateway

TDM

ETH
ATM

RNC R99

NodeB

ETH

PWE3 Cell Site Device

IP RNC R5

R5/4G/ WiMax

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Conclusions

Migration to IP/MPLS backhaul networks is inevitable

Drivers are RAN capacity growth, IP base stations, and service evolution

Immediate OpEx savings and short ROI

Carriers will deploy Ethernet for 3G and 4G backhaul to realize significant cost advantages and close the gap between mobile revenue and expense Pseudo-Wire allows OpEx saving with minimal CapEx investment by skipping some upgrades on the way to LTE

Investment protection
Shifting to Ethernet Assurance and other added value features

RAN Evolution versus Revolution

2G/3G Base Stations are collocated and will co-exist for a long time with 3G taking over gradually Migration to All IP RAN will happen gradually and not in one step

PW Mobile Backhaul solutions are picking up, becoming mainstream

Pseudo-Wire is the Packet-based RAN Migration Enabler Field proven with large deployment over ANY packet transport network

PW Mobile Backhaul Solutions Available Today..for 2G, 3G, and Beyond

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