Page 1

9E
Page 2
Index
1. Gas Turbine Principle & General Introduction


2. Gas Turbine Structure


3. Gas Turbine Accessory Systems


4. Gas Turbine Control System


5. Gas Turbine Shipment Weight & Dimension


6. Gas Turbine Erection Procedure


7. Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure


8. Gas Turbine Performance Procedure

Page 3
Physics
Principle of Conservation of Mass:
mass in = mass out (Open System)
Principle of Conservation of Energy:
energy in = energy out
energy may be transformed from one form
to another (Power Plant converts Chemical to
Thermal to Mechanical to Electrical Energy)
Page 4
First Law of Thermodynamics
Q = 727 MW
W= 281 MW
Example: 9FB Energy Balance
AH
4-1
= 446 MW
Where:
AH = total enthalpy change fluid entering
system
Q = net thermal energy flowing into
system during process
W = net work done by the system
General Energy Equation
energy in = energy out, or
Q = W + AH
Page 5
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Amount of energy which is unavailable to do work
- A measure of disorder
Entropy:
100 x
T
T T
H
C H
e CarnotCycl

= q
Basic Principle: Heat moves from hot to cold
Page 6
Note: s denotes entropy
1
4
3
4
3
1
1
2
1
2
T
T
P
P
T
T
P
P

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Ideal Brayton Cycle
Gas Turbine Application
) T (T
) T (T ) T (T

Heat Content (Fuel)
Work Output (MW)
2 3
1 2 4 3
Cycle
-
- - -
=
=
q
Page 7
Real Brayton Cycle
Compression and Turbine Expansion Inefficiencies
Typical Values for GE Turbines
Compressor Efficiency 0.86-0.89
Turbine Efficiency 0.90-0.93
Actual
Ideal
compressor
T T
T T
) (
) (
1 2
1 2

= q
Actual
Ideal
compressor
Work
Work
= q
1
1
2
1 2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
P
P
T T
Ideal
Entropy
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

Ideal Cycle
With
q
c
&
q
t
LEGEND
1
2
3
4
Page 8
Real Brayton Cycle
Pressure Losses - Inlet, Combustor, Exhaust
Entropy
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
C
o
m
p
re
s
s
o
r D
is
c
h
a
rg
e
P
re
s
s
u
re
A
m
b
ie
n
t
P
re
s
s
u
re
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
H
e
a
t A
d
d
itio
n
H
eat R
ejectio
n
Combustor AP
Exhaust AP
Inlet AP
Ideal Cycle
With q
c
& q
t
With APs
LEGEND
Entropy
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
C
o
m
p
re
s
s
o
r D
is
c
h
a
rg
e
P
re
s
s
u
re
A
m
b
ie
n
t
P
re
s
s
u
re
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
H
e
a
t A
d
d
itio
n
H
eat R
ejectio
n
Combustor AP
Exhaust AP
Inlet AP
Ideal Cycle
With q
c
& q
t
With APs
LEGEND
Ideal Cycle
With q
c
& q
t
With APs
LEGEND
Typical Values for Turbine
Inlet Pressure Loss 3 H2O
Exhaust Back Pressure (SC) 5.5 H2O
Exhaust Back Pressure (CC) 15 H2O
DLN Combustor 6-7%
AP/P
Inlet
Exhaust
Combustor
2
3
1
4
Page 9
Real Brayton Cycle
Parasitic Flows for Turbine Cooling
Entropy
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

Combustor AP
Exhaust AP
Inlet AP
Ideal Cycle
With q
c
& q
t
With APs
With Cooling Flows
LEGEND
Exit Conditions:
Texh ~1150F
Pexh <14.7psi
Exit Conditions:
Texh ~1150F
Pexh <14.7psi
CD
Compressor
Bleed
Bearing
Blower air
(7FA+e shown)
13
th
stg.
Comp.
bleed
9
th
stg.
Comp.
bleed
Exit Conditions:
Texh ~1150F
Pexh <14.7psi
Exit Conditions:
Texh ~1150F
Pexh <14.7psi
CD
Compressor
Bleed
Bearing
Blower air
(7FA+e shown)
13
th
stg.
Comp.
bleed
9
th
stg.
Comp.
bleed
4
1
2
3
Page 10
COMPRESSOR
Q
ADDED

Exchanger
Heat
Burn
Q
in
3
3
Entropy
Suck
Squeeze
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

1
2
1
2
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n



COMPRESSOR
Shaft
Work
TURBIN
E
Q
REJECTED

Blow
Turn
Q
out
4
4
TURBINE
The TURBINE
transforms
thermal energy
into mechanical
energy
(3 4) used for
driving the
Compressor &
Generator
Brayton Cycle Gas Turbine
Page 11
World wide heavy-duty Gas Turbine
manufacturers
Page 12
3.2
Output
Year
2000 1980 1970 1960 1990
100MW
200MW
9
3000 RPM
7
3600 RPM
5-6
5100-5230 RPM
5P
7A
7E
9B
6A
7F
9F
9FB
7FB
6FA
9E
6B
7EA
5L
3-6
6900-7100 RPM
6C
Aero (CF6)
Evolution of GE Gas Turbines
7FA+e
9FA+e
6FA+e
9FA
7FA
7B
First air cooled bucket
Firing T > 1000C
Firing T >
1250C
Page 13
Evolution of MHI Gas
Turbines
Page 14
Line-Up of MHI Gas Turbine
Page 15
The Efficiency and Power Output of MHI Gas Turbine
Page 16
MHI 701F / 701G Gas Turbine features
Page 17
Siemens Gas Turbines
Page 18
Siemens SGT5-4000F (V94.3A)
Page 19
Alstom GT26 Gas Turbine Features
Page 20
Alstom Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (50 Hz&60
Hz)
Page 21
FE
1FISO


GE

SIEMENS

MHI



PG9351FA

V94.3A

M701F

MW

255.6

267

270



37

38.7

38.2

kg/s

632.7

645

651

kg/s



659




15.4

16.9

17.0



18

15

17

TRIT

1327

1310

1400*



3

4

4



609

576

586

NOx
(ppm)

25

25

25

~t

240

330

340



22.65.05.4

12.56.17.5

17.35.85.8
*
Page 22
2FISO


GE

SIEMENS

MHI



S109FA

S209FA

1S.V94.3A

2S.V94.3A

MPCP1
(M701F)

MPCP2
(M701F)
CC(MW)

390.8

786.9

392

784

397.7

799.6

GTP
GT
(MW)

254.1

508.2



513.0

266.1

532.2

STP
ST
(MW)

141.8

289.2



281.5

131.6

267.4

P
GT
/P
ST


1.792

1.757



1.822

2.022

1.990



56.7

57.1

57.4

57.3

57.0

57.3



1+1

2+1

1+1

2+1

1+1

2+1















Page 23
3E ISO


GE SIEMENS

MHI


PG9171E

V94.2/V94.2A

M701D
MW

123.4

157/192

144


33.79

34.4/35.8

34.8
kg/s

403.7

510/522

441
kg/s



519/532





12.3

11.1/14.0

14.0


17

17

19

TRIT

1124

1105/1290

1250*



3

4

4


538

540/572

542
NOx
(ppm)

25

25/25

25

~t

190

295/320

200
(m)

204.64.8

1412.58.4
12.016.07.4
1

12.55.25.28

Page 24
4: EISO


GE

SIEMENS

MHI



S109E

S209E

1.V94.2

2.V94.2

1.V94.2
A

2.V94.2
A

MPCP1
(M701D)

MPCP2
(M701D)

CC(MW)

189.2

383.7

233

467.5

293.5

588

212.5

426.6

GT P
GT

(MW)

121.6

243.2

152.0

304.0



367.0

142.1

284.2

ST P
ST

(MW)

70.4

146.1

85.5

173.0



230.0

70.4

142.4

P
GT
/P
ST


1.727

1.665

1.778

1.757



1.596

2.018

1.996



52.0

52.7

51.7

51.8

55.1

55.0

51.4

51.6

1+1

2+1

1+1

2+1

1+1

2+1

1+1

2+1

Page 25
GE Gas Turbines
9FA at Horizontal Assembly
Page 26
Compressor
Combustion
Turbine
KEY:
= Static
= Rotating
Major Gas Turbine Components
Air Inlet Gas Exhaust
Cold End Hot End
Fuel
Page 27
GE Gas Turbines Family:
Evolutions and Performances
Page 28
Shorter Launch Cycles Technology matures faster
1986
7F
1260 Tfire
1991
9F
1260 Tfire
1992
7FA
1288 Tfire
1994
6FA
1288 Tfire
ScaleFactor = 0.69
1996
7FA+
1316 Tfire
1997
7FA+e
1327 Tfire
1997
9FA+e
1327 Tfire
2001
6FA+e
1327 Tfire
ScaleFactor = 1.2
2000
7FB
1370+ Tfire
88 89 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 1986 2002 2003 87
2002
9FB
1396 Tfire
SIZE
(Scaling Factor )
(Technology, Materials)
Firing Temperature,
Evolution of Class F Gas Turbines
5230 RPM
Geared Machines for 50 or 60Hz
1992
9FA
1288 Tfire
3000 RPM
50Hz Machines
3600 RPM
60Hz Machines
Page 29
Compressor
Multi-stages, Axial compressor
Through Bolted Disc Assy
Cast Compressor Casings
IGV for flow control
(1 stage IGV for E/F class)
Air discharged to Combustors
Page 30
Combustion System
Can Annular Reverse Flow Chambers
Dual Fuel Capability (Gas - Liquid)
"Dry Low NO
x
" , Standard ,
or Low BTU Combustion Systems,
Water /Steam injection for emission
abatement
Page 31
3 Stage Turbine
Air cooled Blades and Nozzles
Tip shrouded Blades
Turbine ( Air cooled GT )
Rotor Assembly = Bolted Discs & Spacers
Page 32
Page 33
Siemens SGT6-
5000F
Page 34
Firing Temperature
GE Defined at N1 Trailing Edge
N
1
N
2
N
3
B
1
B
2
B
3
Turbine
Exit Flow
Nozzle/Wheelspace Cooling Air
(Chargeable)
Firing Plane
Combustor
Combustor &
N1 Cooling Air
(Non-Chargeable)
Bucket/Wheelspace Cooling Air
(Chargeable)
Page 35
Combined Cycle T-S Diagram
5 /
Combined Brayton and Rankin Cycle
T
S
Heat Source
Heat Sink
HRSG
GAS TURBINE
TOPPING CYCLE
BOTTOMING CYCLE
STACK
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E

ENTROPY
COMBUSTION
CONDENSER
Page 36
Gas Turbine Cycle Configurations
Single-Shaft Combined Cycle
Single Unit Control System
Single Generator & Electricals
Lower Initial Cost vs. Separate STG
Smaller Footprint than multi-shaft
GT-ST-Gen
Short Cycle Installation
Small Footprint
Peak Power Applications
Fast Start Capabilities
GT-Gen
Simple Cycle Multi-Shaft Combined Cycle
Multi-GT-Gen & ST-Gen
Lower Centerline Height / Building
Shorter Construction Time
Higher Base Load Efficiency
2x1, 3x1, 4x1
Page 37
Power Train Center Line Equipment Variations
Gen Acce
I
n
l
e
t

S
t
a
c
k

Generator on the hot (Turbine) side of GT
Used prior to 1990s
Shaft driven accessories
Complex packaging
Generator on the cold (Compressor) side of
GT
Modern F-class arrangement
Electric motor driven accessory skids
Modular packaging
Hot End Drive (prior to 1990s)
Applied to Frames 51P, 6B,7EA,9E
Cold End Drive
Applied to Frames 6FA, 7FA/FB, 9FA/FB,7H,9H
Gen S
t
a
c
k

Skid Skid
I
n
l
e
t

Complex Single-Shaft Power Train
Page 38
Examples of Combine Cycle Plant Arrangements
Multi-shaft CC
2 gas turbines + 1 steam turbine

Single-shaft
CC
Page 39
Energy Utilization/Loss in Combined Cycle Power
Plant
ST
POWER
(20.9%)
CONDENSER
(32.9%)
ST
LOSSES
(1%)
STACK LOSSES
(7.1%)
HRSG
LOSSES
(0.5%)
STEAM
(54.8%)
GT LOSSES
(1.8%)
EXHAUST
HEAT (62.4%)
to HRSG

GT
POWER
(35.8%)
FUEL
(100%)
to Gas
Turbine
Page 40
9FA Gas Turbine Power Plant General Layout
Power Island
HRSG
Cooling Tower
Electrical
& Controls
Gas Fuel &
Water
Treatment Yard
Liquid Fuel
Yard
Administration
Demin.
Plant
Page 41
9FA Gas Turbine Power Plant General Layout
Cooling
Tower
Water Treatment
GT/ST/Gen
Building
Electric & Control
Building
Admin. Building
Liquid Fuel
Yard
HRSG
Waste Water
Exhaust
Stack
Warehouse
Aux Boiler
GT Inlet
Gas Metering
Main
Transformer
Feedwater
Pump
Building
Fuel Heater
Condensate
Storage Tank
Water
Pretreatment
Chemical
Area
Page 42
9E Gas Turbine General Layout
Adobe Acrobat
Document
Mark* VIe Control System - Hardware
GE Gas Turbine Controls
Page 44
100MB Ethernet
Unit Data Highway (EGD, NTP)
Plant Data Highway (TCP/IP, OPC, GSM, Modbus, PI Server, DNP 3.0)
Controller(s)
Operator &
Maintenance
Stations
(HMI)
Ethernet
Ethernet
System 1

Condition
Monitoring
Historian

OSI PI
Turbine
I/O
Driven-Load
I/O
Remote
I/O
Rotating Machinery Control
Process
I/O
Process
I/O
Remote
I/O
Process Control
Controller(s)
PTP IEEE1588 100MB Ethernet
PTP IEEE1588
MK VIe Architecture
TCP Panel
Page 45
Turbine Control
1991
7FA Gas Turbine
Industrial Steam
9H Combined Cycle
Turbine / Plant Control
1997
Governor / Plant Control
2003
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
d

I
/
O
,

1
0
0
M
B

E
t
h
e
r
n
e
t

/

F
i
b
e
r

Governors,
Hydro, Wind
V
M
E

B
a
c
k
p
l
a
n
e
,

E
t
h
e
r
n
e
t
,

W
I
n
d
o
w
s

P
r
o
p
r
i
e
t
a
r
y

D
e
s
i
g
n

Mark V Mark VI
Mark VI e
Evolution of Control System
Page 46
MK VIe Enhancement
Simplex
Processors
Dual
Triple
Simplex
Switches &
I/O Net
Dual
Triple
Dual
Triple
I/O Packs
Simplex
1 Pack
Redundancy
Dual (Process Runs if Controller Fails)
Triple (Process Runs if Controller has
Partial or Complete Failure)
Distributed / Remote I/O
Less Installation & Maintenance Cost
More Flexible Application
On-line Repair / I/O Packs
Hot Swap in Redundant Systems
Improved MTTR / Availability
Flexible Redundancy
Page 47
MK VIe TMR Features
TMR configuration
Controller redundancy
I/O pack redundancy
Terminal board redundancy
local transimitters/transducers
2-oo-3 voting for digital inputs
Analog inputs voting

Page 48
MK VIe Hardware
Controllers
Power Supplies
IONet Switches
Field Wiring
Vertical Channels
Top & Bottom
Cabinet Access
Barrier Blocks
Pluggable
(2) 3.0mm
2
(#12AWG) wires/pt
TCP Outline
Page 49
MK VIe Hardware
TCP Controller Rack
Main Processor Board
Compact PCI
QNX Operating System
Unit Data Highway, Ethernet
IONet 100MB Ethernet
Optional Second Processor
Power Supply

Processor 650MHz 1.66GHz
Cache 256k bytes 1M byte
Ram 128M bytes 256M bytes
Flash 128M bytes 128M bytes
Communication Dual 10/100 Full Duplex Ethernet
Power 18 to 32Vdc
Page 50
MK VIe Hardware

I/O Packs Plug into Mk VI
Termination Boards
Barrier & Box Type TBs
Processor 32 Bit RISC CPU 266MHz
Cache 32k bytes
Ram 32M bytes
Flash 16M bytes
Communication Dual 10/100 Full Duplex Ethernet
Power 28Vdc
TCP I/O Packs
Page 51
MK VIe Software
TooloboxST is the software tool for I/O definition, EGD configuration, and
control strategy programming.
EGD Configuration
Control Logic Sheet
ToolboxSTconfiguration software
Page 52
Cimplicity is the tool used for HMI (human-man interface) display and editor
Operation Menu
Pushbutton
Live Data
Status
Feedback
Setpoint
Alarm
Window
CimplicityHMI Display Editor
MK VIe Software
Page 53
9FA Gas Turbine Weight & Dimension
Item

Lengt
h
(m)

Width
(m)

Height
(m)

Weight
(kg)

Accessory module

9.4

3.5

4.2

36,290

Turbine

10.5

4.7

5.0

288,000

Generator

10.9

5.3

4.2

275,108

9FA Component Weights and Dimensions
a. Heaviest piece to be handled during erection: kg: 285,000
b. Heaviest piece to be handled during maintenance: kg 77,500
c. Shipping weight of heaviest piece: kg 288,000 Turbine
Page 54
9E Gas Turbine Weight & Dimension
a. Heaviest piece to be handled during erection: kg: 207,000
b. Heaviest piece to be handled during maintenance: kg 49,611 GT rotor
c. Shipping weight of heaviest piece: kg 208,000 Turbine
9E Component Weights and Dimensions
Item


Length
(m)

Width
(m)

Height
(m)

Weight
(kg)

Gas
Turbine

12.65

5.03

4.98

208,000


Page 55
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
MS 9001FA

1

2
(1)


(2)


Page 56
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
2
(3)()


(4)
,25.4mm()


(5)

(6)

Page 57
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
2
(7)

3
(1)

Page 58
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
3
(2)(PEECC)
6PEECC 8
(3)

(4)

(5)LCI

(6)
Page 59
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
4
(1)

(2)


(3)

5
(1)

(2)


(3)
: 30
Page 60
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
6

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)


Page 61
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
7

on-base(
)

8

Off-base(GE)GE
GE

Page 62
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
9

(PEECC)

10

GE(
)
11

,

Page 63
Gas Turbine Erection Procedure
12 6.6kVVAC(BOP)

13 , GE

14 (66kV4125 VAC)

15 / LCI
Page 64
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
9FA
Page 65
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
Page 66
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
Page 67
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
Page 68
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
Page 69
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
Page 70
Gas Turbine Commissioning Procedure
Page 71
Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
1. The Purpose: to measure the performance of the gas turbine-
generator units in accordance with the purchase contract.
2. The evaluation procedure: To utilize correction factors to translate
the measured performance at the test conditions to the rated
conditions
3. The performance test international standard:
Simple Cycle: ASME PTC 22
Combined Cycle: ASME PTC 46
4. The performance specifications:
Power Output xxx,xxx kW
Heat Rate, LHV xxx,xxx kJ/kWh
Gas Turbine Exhaust Temperature xxx.x C
Gas Turbine Exhaust Available Energy xxx.x GJ/hr
Page 72
Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
5. Rated Conditions
Ambient air temperature xx oC
Ambient air relative humidity xx %
Barometric pressure x.xxx bar (xx.xx psi)
Gas Turbine Shaft Speed xxxx rpm
Generator power factor x.xx (lagging)
Gas turbine conditions New and Clean, xxx Fired Hours
Inlet system pressure drop (@ contract rated conditions) xx.x mm H2O (x inH2O)
Exhaust system pressure drop (@contract rated conditions) xxx.x mm
Fuel Natural Gas
Fuel supply temperature xxx oC (xxx.x oF)
Fuel composition % volume
Nitrogen (N2) xx.xx
Methane (CH4) xx.xx
Ethane (C2H6) xx.xx
Propane (C3H8) xx.xx
Fuel lower heating value xx,xxx
Page 73
Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
6. Division of Test Responsibilities
Test Activity Conducting Party Witnessing
Party
Prepare the thermal performance test procedure
Provide special instrumentation as specified herein
Provide suitable containers for the collection of fuel samples
Perform required station instrumentation calibration checks
Witness / Assist station instrumentation calibration checks
Install special test instrumentation
Direct the installation of special test instrumentation
Obtain calibration records and/or flow section dimensions for the fuel flow section
Execute of test program
Witness execution of test program
Provide copies of pertinent measured data to involved parties
Arrange for third party analysis of fuel samples
Remove special test instrumentation
Calculate corrected performance results and provide preliminary results
Issue the final test report
Page 74
Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
7. Measurement and Instrumentation
Performance test data are of two classes:
Primary Data used for performance test calculations
Secondary Data not used for performance test calculations, but required for reference or diagnostic
purposes
8. Pre-Test Preparation
An off-line water wash of the gas turbine compressor
The calibration and proper operation of the control system
pertinent station instrumentation and measurement devices, and recording systems will be verified

9. Conducting the Test
For each unit, a minimum of three (3) test runs per rated case listed will be
conducted.
Page 75
Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
In accordance with paragraph 3.3.4 of ASME PTC 22-1997:
Each test run will be conducted over a thirty (30) minute time period.
Manual data will be recorded at least five (5) minute intervals
Electronic control system and data acquisition data will be recorded at least one (1) minute intervals
As a minimum, a set of two (2) fuel samples will be taken at the beginning and end of each test run
All data files, electronic and/or copies of the manual data hard copy sheets relevant for performance
testing and evaluation purposes will be given to the witnessing party immediately after the test.
Deviations from the procedure in any aspect of the test program should be discussed by the Conducting
Party and the Witnessing Party.
10. Evaluation

Calculation formula check and confirmation

The correction curves will be used to account for the difference between the rated value and the
measured value for each parameter

Page 76
Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
Performance Correction Curves Examples
Compressor Inlet Temperature vs. Output
Compressor Inlet Relative Humidity vs. Output
Barometric Pressure vs. Output
Shaft Speed vs. Output
Generator Power Factor vs. Output
Total Fired Hours vs. Output
Inlet System Pressure Drop vs. Output
Exhaust System Back Pressure vs. Output
Fuel Composition vs. Output
Fuel Supply Temperature vs. Output
Compressor Inlet Temperature vs. Heat Rate
Compressor Inlet Relative Humidity vs. Heat Rate
Barometric Pressure vs. Heat Rate
Shaft Speed vs. Heat Rate
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Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
Performance Correction Curves
Examples
Generator Power Factor vs. Heat Rate
Total Fired Hours vs. Heat Rate
Inlet System Pressure Drop vs. Heat Rate
Exhaust System Back Pressure vs. Heat Rate
Fuel Composition vs. Heat Rate
Fuel Supply Temperature vs. Heat Rate
Compressor Inlet Temperature vs. Exhaust Temp
Compressor Inlet Relative Humidity vs. Exhaust
Temp
Barometric Pressure vs. Exhaust Temp
Shaft Speed vs. Exhaust Temp
Generator Power Factor vs. Exhaust Temp
Total Fired Hours vs. Exhaust Temp
Inlet System Pressure Drop vs. Exhaust Temp
Exhaust System Back Pressure vs. Exhaust Temp
Fuel Composition vs. Exhaust Temp
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Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
11. Comparison to Guarantees

Instrument Uncertainty
Test Tolerance
GEK 107551a - Standard Field Performance Testing Philosophy
For testing per these guidelines, these uncertainties are expected to be:
Power Output +/- 2 %
Heat Rate, Gas Fuel +/- 1.7 %
Heat Rate, Oil Fuel +/- 1.45 %
Exhaust Gas Temperature +/- 11F
Exhaust Gas Flow +/- 3.3 %
Exhaust Gas Energy, Gas Fuel +/- 3.35 %
Exhaust Gas Energy, Oil Fuel +/- 3.1 %
The test uncertainties will be considered to be minimum tolerance bands
in the commercial evaluation of the test.
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Gas Turbine Performance Test Procedure
Page 80
Thank You