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Social Interactions

Starr/Taggarts Biology:
The Unity and Diversity of Life, Chapter 46
10e

Key Concepts:
Behavior refers to coordinated responses that an animal makes to stimuli Forms of behavior have a genetic basis Certain behaviors are instinctive and are triggered by sign stimuli The nervous system can process and retain information used to vary or change behavioral responses

Key Concepts:
Behavior has evolved by way of natural selection Evolved modes of communication underlie social behavior - communication signals Having a social group has costs and benefits

Altruistic behavior allows individuals to help others while sacrificing personal reproductive success

Decorating Behavior, Starling Nest - Trivial?


Fumigation of nests preventing mite infestation A - No sprigs in nest from wild carrots B - Sprigs in nest of wild carrots

Wild carrot sprigs reduce mite infestations


Fig 46.2

See opening essay on adaptive value of nest decorating

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Fig. 46.1, p. 826

46.1 Genes and Behavior


Nervous system
Sensory

Instinctive
Behavior not learned Cues in environment Sign stimuli Fixed action pattern

Hormones
Melatonin secretion suppresses gonads in winter Seasonal Estrogen in embryo males-> song syst.

adult banana slug

Adult coastal garter snake eating a banana slug young coastal garter snake tongue-flicking at cotton swab w/ slug fluids
Fig. 46.3, p. 828

hormones and behavior

Zebra finch

Fig. 46.4, p. 828

Male song

Song of female experimentally converted to singer

Examples of instinctive responses humans make to sign stimuli:

Smiling triggered by close-up of adult face

Older baby imitating the adult expressions


Fig. 46.5, p. 829

young European cuckoo instinctively shoving host nest egg from the nest

American cowbirds are also social parasites

Fig. 46.6, p. 829

46.2 Learned Behavior


Imprinting ; time-dependent, early in life - Konrad Lorenz - graylag geese

Classical conditioning; Ivan Pavlovs dogs


Operant conditioning; assoc voluntary activity w/ consequences from experience; toad w/ bee

Habituation; by experience, NOT to respond to neutral consequences ; city pigeons


Spatial or latent learning; mental map of environ

Insight learning; solving novel problems w/ benefit of prior experience

Classic experiments on geese imprinted to a human parent

Konrad Lorenz
Sim to Fig. 46.7, p. 830

46.3 The adaptive value of behavior (why do patterns persist?)- natural selection at work - keep these in mind

1. Reproductive success 2. Adaptive behavior 3.Social behavior 4.Selfish behavior 5. Altruistic behavior
Behavioral biologists profitably look for evidence of natural selection of the individuals traits rather than that of the species

46.4 Behavior depends on Communication Signals


Signals - varied Signalers & signal receivers Pheromones Displays - patterns
Ritualized, exagger. Threat Courtship Tactile

Acoustical
Composite signal Signals can be context - related

Illegitimate signaler or receiver - wrong party

Weve all seen this: a dog soliciting play behavior with a play bow. Any aggressive or other behavior that follows is context-related.
Fig. 46.8, p. 832

Part of a baboon threat display

Part of an albatross courtship display that features visual,tactile, acoustic signals


Fig. 46.9, p. 832

Dances of Honeybees
Tactile displays Karl von Frisch Round dance -a Waggle dance b- food further Recruits can orient its flight with respect to the sun and the hive

Fig. 46.10,p 833

46.5 & 6. Reproductive Success


Sexual selection
Quality of mate the key factor ; the females choose

Parenting - costs and benefits Benefits of social groups


Cost-benefit approach to repro. success

Cooperative predator avoidance


Selfish herd Dominance hierarchies

A nuptial present provided By the male hangfly. The larger the present, the more likely his mating success.

Fig. 46.11, p. 834

Scenes from courtship display of the sage grouse at a lek.

Fig. 46.11b, p. 834

Semi-ritualized fighting between male bison for access to a group of females

Fig. 46.12, p. 835

Fig. 46.13, p. 835

Female and male Casparian terns feeding and protecting their chicks: costs as well as benefits

47.5 & 6 Reproductive Success


Sexual selection
Quality of mate the key factor

Parenting - costs and benefits - now best

Benefits of social groups


Cost-benefit approach Cooperative predator avoidance

Selfish herd - more powerful members at center - ex. Sunfish males


Dominance hierarchies

Cooperative predator avoidance - circling the wagons approach


Fig. 46.14, p. 836

More of the same defensive behavior by sawfly caterpillars

Fig. 46.15, p. 836

Appeasement behavior between baboons: its apparent which individual is the dominant one. See essay for ch 36 on chimps.

46.6 Cost of Living in Social Groups. Why arent there more social species? Competition for food and habitat Competition for mate Spread of contagious disease and parasites

Risk of being killed or exploited by neighbors within your group

A very large colony of royal penguins on Macquarie Island between New Zealand and Antarctica

Fig. 46.16, p. 837

46.7 Evolution of Altruism


In the wolf pack: Provide youth with prey Defend feeding territories Drive off intruders

Theory of Indirect Selection


William Hamilton- shared genes of relatives Self - sacrifice genes

Honeybees - see fig 46.18


Termites - see fig 46.17 for details Naked mole-rat clans - see module 46.8

Individuals in a wolfpack , for ex., are related

46.9 An Evolutionary View of Human Social behavior


Adaptations have costs and benefits Adoption
Redirection of behavior Adoption of related children greater than that of non-related ones in traditional societies Perpetuation of genes

Evolutionary hypotheses about the adaptive value of behavior can be tested & we gain understanding @ human behavior

Two adult emperor penguins competing to adopt an orphan

Fig. 46.20, p. 841

In Conclusion
Animal behavior originates with genes that

specify products required for the development and operation of different systems
A behavior performed without having been

learned by actual experience is instinctive


Experiences can lead to variations or

changes in responses

In Conclusion
Behavior with a genetic basis is subject to

evolution and natural selection


Members of the same species can create

obstacles to one anothers reproductive success


Social groups require cooperative

interdependency among individuals of a species

In Conclusion
Chemical, visual, acoustical and tactile

signals are components of communication displays


Costs and benefits of social life are

reflected in the individuals reproductive success


Social groups have costs as well as

benefits

In Conclusion
Altruistic behavior limits chances of

reproduction by helping others of their social groups


Dominance in a social group forces

subordinates to relinquish resources


Genes associated with caring for relatives

can be favored in some cases

developed by M. Roig

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