Environmental Policies & Programmes

Submitted By:
Arunima Ghoshal Ananya Choudhury Anjali Verma Ankita Chakraborty Amit Benet Nag Ankit Gupta AS Lanmi Anupama Kataria Amit Kumar Geroh Aditi Das Charumita Vasudev Deepti Dabas

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT ???

To enlarge understanding of an unique and undervalued declaration of national policy for the environment To show how the policy provides the foundation for a future national program or action

Objective of National Policies

Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources Intra-generational Equity: Livelihood Security for the poor. Inter-generational Equity.
Integration of Environmental Concerns in Economic and Social Development.

Efficiency in Environmental Resource Use.

Environmental Governance. Enhancement of Resources for Environmental Conservation.

PRINCIPLES
Human Beings are at the Centre of Sustainable Development concerns. The Right to Development. Environmental Protection is an Integral part of the Development process. The Precautionary Approach. Economic Efficiency. Equity. Legal liability. Public Trust Doctrine. Decentralization. Integrate social and natural sciences in environment related policies.

GLOBAL POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit, Rio Conference, Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 June to 14 June 1992.

The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 Convention on Biological Diversity Forest Principles Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN INDIA

Ancient India

The Arthashastra by Kautilya, written as early

as between 321 and 300 BC, contained

provisions meant to regulate a number of

aspects related to the environment. The fifth pillar edict of Emperor Ashoka also contains such regulations

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN INDIA

During the British Regime in India: Shore Nuisance (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 The Indian Easements Act, 1882 The Fisheries Act, 1897 The Factories Act, 1897 The Bengal Smoke Nuisance Act, 1905 The Bombay Smoke Nuisance Act, 1912 The Elephants Preservation Act, 1879 Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN INDIA

Modern India : National Council for Environmental Policy and Planning was set up in 1972 which was later evolved into Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1985.

MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e.

Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the sector.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN INDIA

The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution and the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development were brought out by the MoEF in 1992. The EAP (Environmental Action Programme) was formulated in 1993 with the objective of improving environmental services and integrating environmental considerations into development programmes.

NATIONAL ENVIROMENTAL POLICY

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended in 1983, 1986 and 1991.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended in 1988.
The Water'(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977, amended in 1991.

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended in 1988. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, amended in 1988.
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

The Motor Vehicle Act, 1938, amended in 1988.

The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.

Environment Protection Act 1986

The main objective of this Act is to provide the protection and improvement of environment (which includes water, air, land,

human being, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and

properties) and for matters connected therewith. There is a constitutional provision also for the environment protection.

Article 48A, specify that the State shall endeavour to protect

and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country and every citizen shall protect the

environment . The Environment (Protection) Act is applicable to

whole of India including Jammu & Kashmir.

Rules to Regulate Environment Pollution The Central Government may,by notification by the official Gazzette,make rules in respect of all or any of the matters reffered to in Section 3. In particular without prejudice to the generality of the forgoing power all the rules may provide for all or any of the following matter:
The standards of quality of air,water and soil. The maximum allowance of concentration of environment pollutants(including noise)in a certain place. Prohibition and restriction of location of industries.

Rules to Regulate Environment Pollution

Prohibition and restriction on the on the handling of hazardous materials. Procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which cause environmental pollutions. Procedures and safeguard for the handling of hazardous substances.

National Environment Policy, 2006

It the first initiative in strategy-formulation for environmental protection in a comprehensive manner. It undertakes a diagnosis of the causative factors of land degradation with a view to flagging the remedial measures required in this direction. It recognizes that the relevant fiscal, tariffs and sectoral policies need to take explicit account of their unintentional impacts on land degradation.

STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS

Regulatory reforms. Enhance and conserve Environment resource. Environment Standard, Management System,

Certification, Indicators.
Clean technology and Innovation.

Environment awareness, Education and

Information.

REGULATORY REFORMS
I. Revisiting the Policy and Legislative Framework:
The present legislative framework is broadly contained in the
umbrella Environment Protection Act 1986;The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water Cess Act, 1977 ;and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act 1981. The law in respect of management of forests and

biodiversity is contained in The Indian Forest Act,1927;The

Forest Conservation Act,1980;The Wildlife Protection Act,1972;and The Biodiversity Act 2002 .

REGULATORY REFORMS
The following specific actions would be taken:
Institutionalize a holistic and integrated approach to the environmental management. Identify emerging areas for new legislation, due to better scientific understanding, economic and social development. Take steps to adopt and institutionalize techniques for environmental assessment of sector policies and programs to address any potential adverse impacts, and enhance potential impacts. Ensure accountability of the concerned levels of Government (Centre, State, Local) in undertaking the necessary legislative changes in a defined time-frame.

ENHANCING AND CONSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES.

The causes of degradation of environmental resources lie ultimately in a broad range of policy, and institutional, including regulatory shortcomings, leading to the direct causes.

1.LAND DEGRADATION

The degradation of land, through soil erosion, alkalisalinization, water logging, pollution and reduction in organic matter content has several proximate and underlying causes like loss of forest and tree cover, unsustainable grazing, excessive use of irrigation, improper use of agricultural chemical wastes for domestic fuel and disposal of industrial and domestic wastes on productive land.

Causes of Land Degradation:

Land use classification in India (2007-2008):

Extent of various kind of land degradation in India :

Institutional Bodies:
National Land-use and Wasteland Development Council. National Wastelands Development Board.

Remedies:
1. Encourage adoption of science-based, and traditional sustainable land use practices. 2. Promote reclamation of wasteland and degraded forestland. 3. Prepare and implement thematic action plans incorporating watershed management strategies. 4. Promote sustainable alternatives to shifting cultivation. 5. Encourage agro-forestry, organic farming, environmentally sustainable cropping patterns, and adoption of efficient irrigation techniques.

Desert Program
The arid and semi-arid region of India covers 127.3 mha (38.8%) of India's geographical area and spreads over 10 states. The Indian desert fauna is extremely rich in species diversity of mammals and winter migratory birds. However ,Population pressure and land degradation on resource base necessitate adoption of innovative and

integrated measures for conservation of desert

ecosystems.

Institutional Bodies:
Various program operating at different level in the spatial transform of Indian desert region by national and state government with the help of local people and NGO. Some outlined are :
Drought Prone Area Program. Desert development program . The desert national park. Indira Gandhi Canal Project. Command area development . Central Arid Zone Research Institute .

Strategies:
Development and management of water resource. Soil and water conservation measure. Afforestation with special emphases on social and farm forestry .

Development of pasture and range land .

Livestock development and dairy and sub- sidiary occupation development . Development of infra- structure like drinking water, road network, electrification

States under DPAP:

Forest Program
Forests provide a multiplicity of environmental services, however, in recent decades, there has been significant loss of forest cover due to conversion of forests to agriculture, settlements, infrastructure, and industry etc.

Steps for Conservation of forests:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Formulate an innovative strategy for increase of forest and tree cover. Formulate and implement a Code of Best Management Practices for dense natural forests. Promote plantation of only such species as are conducive to the conservation and sustainability of given ecosystems. Undertake the afforestation program in non forest and degraded land . National afforestation and eco development board (NAFB) has been created. Participatory forestry management was introduce which effective means of regenerating degraded forest. Around 36,000 village level forest protection committees are controlling more than 10 million hector of forest land .

Reserve Forest In India

Status of forest cover in India,2006

As we can see in the map, the changing forest cover in India in 2007.

Wildlife Program
In respect of Wildlife Conservation, the following actions will be pursued: 1. Expand the Protected Area (PA) network of the country, including Conservation and Community Reserves, to give fair representation to all biogeographic zones of the country. 2. Revisit the norms, criteria and needs of data for placing particular species in different schedules of the Wildlife Protection Act. 3. Formulate and implement programs for conservation of endangered species outside protected areas, while reducing the scope for man-animal conflict. 4. Implement measures for captive breeding. 5. Ensure that human activities on the fringe areas of PAs do not degrade the habitat or disturb wildlife of that area. 6. Paralleling multi stakeholder partnerships for afforestation, formulate and implement similar partnerships for enhancement of wildlife habitat in Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves.

Institutional Bodies:
In India, there are colleges to train students for management and conservation of animals. These institution teach to protect animals and save the endanger species like I. Wild life Institute of India. Dehradun II. Central Zoo authority New Delhi Many areas have been declared as protected areas for wild life in India.

Protected area in India (2009)

Biodiversity Program
Conservation of genetic diversity, is crucial for development of improved resistant crop varieties: In event, the following measures would be taken: 1. Strengthen biodiversity hot spots while providing alternative livelihoods and access to resources to local communities. 2. Enhance ex-situ conservation of genetic resources in designated gene banks. 3. Implementation of The Patents Act, 1970 and Biodiversity Conservation Act.

Biosphere Reserve In India

Mountain ecosystem
Mountain ecosystems play a key role in providing forest cover, feeding perennial river systems, conserving genetic diversity, and providing an immense resource base for livelihoods through sustainable tourism. At the same time, they are among the most fragile of ecosystems in terms of susceptibility to anthropogenic shocks. We should do the following :

1. 2. 3. 4.

Adopt appropriate land use planning and watershed management. Promote sustainable tourism. Tourist flow must remain within carrying capacity of the mountain ecology. Adopt best practice norms for infrastructure construction in mountain regions to avoid or minimize damage to sensitive ecosystems and despoiling of landscapes.

Coastal Zone Management

Coastal environmental resources comprise a diverse set of natural and manmade assets, including mangroves, coral reefs, estuaries, coastal forests, genetic diversity, sand dunes, geomorphologies, sand beaches, land for agriculture and human settlements, coastal infrastructure.Some of the measures to save it are:

1. Mainstream the sustainable management of mangroves into the forestry sector regulatory regime. 2. Disseminate available techniques for regeneration of coral reefs. 3. Adopt a comprehensive approach to Integrated Coastal Management by addressing linkages between coastal areas, wetlands, and river systems, in relevant policies, regulation, and programs. 4. Develop a strategy for strengthening regulation, and addressing impacts, of ship-breaking activities on human health, and coastal and near marine resources.

Clean Technologies and Innovation

Clean technologies minimize the generation of waste streams in the production processes and utilize waste from other consumption goods and production processes, rather than treating the waste after generation. The following will comprise elements of an Action Plan: 1. Encourage capacity building in the financial sector for appraising clean technology. 2. Consider use of revenue enhancing fiscal instruments to promote shifts to clean technologies in both existing and new units. 3. Promote adoption of clean technologies by industry. 4. Create a database of such technologies, and promote dissemination of new technologies developed both in India and abroad.

Environmental awareness, Education and Information

Develop and operate an online, real time, publicly accessible environmental information system to provide all relevant. Promote the use of Remote Sensing data to provide valuable inputs on the extent. Prepare and implement a strategy for enhancing environmental awareness among the general public. Valid environment content in the curricula of formal education. Public-Community Partnerships, Public-Private Partnerships, Public-Community-Private Partnerships etc. should be encouraged. Establishing various research programmes in priority areas. Participation in various International Co-operation.

PROGRAMS OF INDIA
Programs are part of the policies that are framed by the government and are executed at the micro level. Various programs of India include :

1. Joint Forest Management. 2. Use of Non-Conventional Energy, such as : Solar Energy, hydel power, wind energy, use of biogas etc. 3. Prime Minister 7 Program. 4. Community Based Programs as :Water users Associations, Forest Users Associations, Self help Groups, Mahila Mandals and other local bodies.