Theresa Amorin Tinapay RN, M.A.

N BLS Instructor

Nose Injuries Nosebleeds Broken nose Nosebleeds Anterior nosebleeds from front of nose most common, easier to care for posterior nosebleeds from back of nose more serious, require medical care Care for Nosebleeds sit and lean slightly forward pinch the soft parts of the nose together apply ice over nose Seek medical care if needed.

Broken nose Recognizing a Broken Nose pain, swelling, crooked bleeding and difficulty breathing through nostrils black eyes Care for a Broken nose If bleeding, give care as for a nosebleed. apply ice pack to nose for 15 minutes DO NOT try to straighten a crooked nose. Seek medical care.

Mouth Injuries bitten lip or tongue knocked-out tooth Broken tooth Toothache Bitten Lip or tongue Apply direct pressure Apply ice or cold pack If bleeding does not stop, seek medical care.

Knocked-out Tooth Have victim rinse mouth. Place a gauze in socket Save tooth and seek medical or dental care immediately. Keep tooth moist. Broken Tooth - Clean area with gauze and warm water. - Apply an ice pack to cheek - Seek a dentist immediately.

Toothache - Rinse mouth with warm water. - Use dental floss to remove any food caught in teeth. - Give pain medication. - seek a dentist immediately.

Spinal Injuries - Common cause. Motor vehicle crashes Direct blows Falls from heights Physical assaults Sports injuries

Recognizing Spinal Injuries

Painful movement or paralysis of arms and legs Numbness, tingling, weakness, burning sensation in arms and legs Loss of bladder or bowel control Deformity of neck

Care for spinal Injuries

Stabilize head and neck If unresponsive, open airway, check breathing, and provide care. Seek medical care.

Chest Injuries Rib fractures Embedded (impaled) objects Sucking chest wound

Rib Fractures

Recognizing Rib fractures Flail chest Sharp pain, especially when victim breaths, soughs, or moves Shallow breathing Victim holds injured area Care for Rib Fractures Help victim find a comfortable position for breathing Support the injured area.

Embedded (Impaled) Objects Recognizing an Embedded (Impaled) Object stuck in chest Care for Embedded (Impaled) Objects Stabilize the object Do not remove object. Seek medical care.

Sucking Chest Wound Recognizing a Sucking Chest Wound Blood bubbling out of chest wound Sound of air being sucked in and out of chest wound Care for a Sucking Chest Wound Seal open wound with plastic wrap. Tape on three sides. If victim has difficulty in breathing, remove cover to let air escape, and reapply. Lay victim on injured side. Call 9-1-1

Abdominal Injuries Closed abdominal Injuries Direct blow Open abdominal Injuries Penetrating wounds Embedded objects Protruding organs

Closed Abdominal injuries Recognizing a Closed Abdominal Injury Bruises or other marks Pain, tenderness, muscle tightness, or rigidity Care Place the victim in cofotable position Care for shock. Seek medical care.

Protruding Organs -Recognizing Pelvic Fractures Internal organs escape from the wound Care Position of comfort Cover with a moist, sterile dressing. Care for shock. Call 9-1-1

Pelvic Injuries Recognizing Pelvic Fractures Pain in hip, groin, or back that increases with movement Inability to walk or stand Signs of shock Care Keep victim still. Care for shock. Call 9-1-1

Bone Injuries Closed (simple) fracture Open (compound) fracture Recognizing Bone Injuries DOTS Deformity Open wounds Tenderness Swelling

Care for Bone Injuries Examine area using DOTS. Stabilize injured part to prevent movement. Cover wound and exposed bones without applying pressure. Apply ice pack to prevent swelling. Seek medical care.

Splinting Reduces pain Prevents further damage to muscles, nerves, and blood vessels Prevents closed fracture from becoming open fracture Reduces bleeding and swelling. Types of Splints Rigid splint Self-splint (anatomic splint) Soft splint

Splinting Guidelines Cover open wounds with dry dressing before applying splint Splint only if it wont cause further pain. Splint in position found. Use splint that will extend beyond joints above and below injury. Apply firmly, but do not affect circulation. Elevate extremity after splinting. Apply ice pack.

Joint Injuries Sprain Dislocation Recognizing Joint Injuries Pain, swelling, inability to use Similar to fractures Main sign of dislocation is deformity. Care for joint injuries for dislocations, splint and provide care as you would for fracture. For sprains, use RICE procedure. Seek medical care.

RICE Procedure

R= Rest I = Ice C=Compression E= Elevation

Muscle Injuries Muscle strain (pull0 Muscle contusion (bruise) Muscle cramp Recognizing Muscle Injuries Muscle strain (pull) Sharp pain, tenderness, indentation or bump, weakness or loss of function, stiffness and pain with movement Muscle contusion Pain and tenderness, swellingm, bruise Muscle cramp Uncontrolled spasms, pain, restrictions or loss of movement

Care for Muscle Injuries For strains and contusiond Rest Apply ice. For cramps Stretch muscle. Apply gentle pressure.

Heart Attack Blood supply to part of the heart muscle is reduced or stopped. Recognizing Heart Attack Chest pressure, squeezing, or pain that lasts longer than a few minutes or goes away and comes back Pain spreading to shoulders, neck, jaw, or arms Dizziness, sweating, nausea Shortness of breath

Fainting decrease bllod flow to the brain recognizing Fainting Sudden, brief unresponsiveness Pale skin Sweating

Care for Fainting Open airway, check breathing, and provide care. Raise legs 6 to 12 inches Loosen tight clothing If victim fell, check for injuries. Seek medical care if victim Has repeated fainting episodes does not quickly regain consciousness Loses consciousness while sitting or lying down Faints for no apparent reason

Seizures Caused by medical conditions Epilepsy, heatstroke, poisoning, electric shock, hypoglycemia, high fever, brain injury, tumor, stroke, alcohol withdrawal, or drug overdose recognizing seizures Sudden falling Unresponsiveness Rigid body and back arching Jerky muscle movement

Care for a Seizure protect from injury Loosen restrictive clothing. Place in recovery position. Call 9-1-1 if Unknown reason or longer than 5 minutes Slow to recover, second seizure, or difficulty breathing Pregnant or medical condition Signs of illness or injury

Diabetic Emergencies Type I juvenile-onset 9insulin-dependent) Type II adult-onset (non-insulin dependent) Hypoglycemia or insulin reaction: very low blood sugar Hyperglycemia or diabetic coma: very high blood sugar

Low blood Sugar recognizing low blood Sugar sudden onset Poor coordination Anger Pale color ]Confusion Sudden hunger Excessive sweating Trembling, seizures, unresponsiveness

Care for Low Blood Sugar Give sugar If condition does not improve in 15 minutes, repeat giving sugar. If still no improvement, call 9-1-1

High Blood Sugar Recognizing High blood sugar Gradual onset Drowsiness Extreme thirst, frequent urination Warm and dry skin Vomiting Fruity, sweet breath odor Rapid breathing Unresponsiveness

Care for High Blood sugar If you are ensure whether is high or low blood sugar, provide same as care as you would for low blood sugar. If condition does not improve in 15 minutes, call 9-1-1.

Emergencies During Pregnancy vaginal bleeding cramps in lower abdomen swelling of face and fingers severe continuous headache dizziness or fainting Blurring of vision or seeing spots Uncontrollable vomiting

Care for emergencies during pregnancy Keep her warm and on left side. For vaginal bleeding, place sterile pad over opening of vagina. Save blood-soaked pads and send them to hospital with her. Seek medical care.

Ingested (swallowed) Poisons Recognizing ingested Poisoning Abdominal pain Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea Burns, stains, odor near or in mouth Drowsiness or unresponsiveness Poison containers nearby

Care for ingested Poisons Determine Age and size of victim What and how much poison ingested When it was taken Responsive victim, call Poison Control Center at 800-222-1222. Give activated charcoal if advised. Unresponsive victim, call 9-1-1. Place victim in recovery position. Save containers, plants, and vomit.

Alcohol and other Drug Emergencies Alcohol intoxication Drug overdose Alcohol intoxication recognizing Alcohol intoxication odor of alcohol Unsteadiness, staggering Confusion Slurre3d speech Nausea and vomiting Flushed face

Care for Alcohol Intoxication monitor breathing look for injuries recovery position call poison control center at 800-222-1222 If victims becomes violent, call 9-1-1 If victims are unresponsive, open airway, check breathing, and treat. Call 9-1-1.

Drug Overdose Recognizing Drug Overdose Drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, or hyperactivity Change in pupil size Confusion Hallucinations Care is the same as for alcohol intoxication.

Care for DRUG OVERDOE

Monitor breathing look for injuries recovery position call poison control center at 800-222-1222 If victims becomes violent, call 9-1-1 If victims are unresponsive, open airway, check breathing, and treat. Call 9-1-1.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Recognizing Carbon monoxide poisoning Headache Ringing in ears Chest pain Muscle weakness Nausea and vomiting Dizziness and visual changes Unresponsiveness Breathing and heart have stopped. Symptoms come and go. Symptoms worsen and improve in certain places and at certain times. Nearby people have similar complaints. Can be confused with the flu Pets seem ill.

Care for carbon Monoxide Poisoning Remove victim from environment immediately. Call 9-1-1. Monitor breathing. Place unresponsive, breathing victim in recovery position.

Plant Poisoning Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac Recognizing Plant poisoning Rash Itching Redness Blisters Swelling Care for plant Poisoning Clean skin with soap and cold water as soon as possible. Lukewarm bath and colloidal oatmeal Calamine lotion and baking soda paste Corticosteroid ointment and oral corticosteroid

Animal and human bites Determine if victim was exposed to rabies. Spread through saliva by bite or lick Consider rabies if Animal attacked without provocation Animal was behaving strangely High-risk species Animal should be captured or confines for observation. Report animal bites to police or animal control.

Care for Animal and Human Bites Clean wound with soap and water. Flush wound under pressure. Control bleeding and cover wound with sterile dressing. Seek medical care for cleaning, tetanus shot, or rabies vaccination.

Snake Bites poisoning species in united States Rattlesnake Water moccasin Coral snake Copperhead Recognizing a Pit Viper Bite Severe burning pain Fang marks Swelling Discoloration and blood-filled blisters Nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness

Care for Pit Viper Bite Get victim away from snake Keep victim calm;limit movement. Wash area with soap and water. Stabilize extremity. Seek medical care.

Coral Snake Bite Recognizing Coral Snake Bite Most venomous snake Has short fangs and tends to hang on and chew venom into the victim. Care victim calm and limit movement. Wash with soap and water. Apply mild pressure and bandage. Call 9-1-1.

Nonpoisonous Snake Bites recognizing nonpoisonous snake bites horseshoe-shaped bites Painful local reactions: no systemic symptoms care for nonpoisonous snake bites Get victim away from snake. Wash with soap and water. Apply antibiotic ointment and cover wound. Seek medical care.

Insect stings

Recognizing an insect Sting Signs of insect stings: pain, itching, and swelling Signs of anaphylaxis Difficulty breathing Tightness in chest Rash or hives Swelling in mouth or throat Dizziness and nausea

Care for an insect Sting

Remove stinger and venom sac. Wash with soap and water. Apply ice. Consider topical steroid, pain medication, or antihistamine. Assist with prescribed epinephrine kit. Call 9-1-1 for signs of severe allergic reaction.

Spider bites black widow sharp pinprick, then dull pain Two fang marks Abdominal pain, headache, fever, dizziness, nausea brown recluse local reaction bulls-eye pattern headache, fever, weakness, nausea Care for all Spider Bites Catch spider for identification. Wash with soap and water or rubbing alcohol. Apply ice to relieve pain and delay effects of venom. Seek medical care.

Scorpion Stings Recognizing a Scorpion sting Local immediate pain and burning, followed by numbness and tingling. Care for Scorpion Sting Wash with soap and water or rubbing alcohol. Apply ice. Seek medical are for rash.

Marine Animal Injuries Marine animals That Bite, Rip, and Puncture. Shark Barracuda Eel Care for Bites, Rips, or Punctures Control bleeding. Care for shock. Call 9-11. Marine animals that sting Jellyfish Portuguese man-o-war Care for stings Scrap-e off tentacles. Apply vinegar. Marine Animals that Puncture by Spines

Care for puncture by spines

Immerse in hot water Wash with soap and water Flush area Care for wound.

Heat-Related Emergencies Heat Cramps Heat Exhaustion Heatstroke Heat Cramps Painful, muscle spasms Occur after physical exertion Care for Heat Cramps stop activity and rest in cool place stretch cramped muscle. Remove excess or tight clothing Provide water or commercial sports drink.

Heat Exhaustion Heavy perspiration with normal or slightly above normal body temperature Signs of heat Exhaustion Heavy sweating Severe Thirst Headache Nausea and vomiting

Care for Heat Exhaustion Stop activity and rest in cool place Remove excess or tight clothing Provide water or commercial sports drink. Have victim lie down; raise legs to 6 to 12 inches Apply cool, wet towels to victim. Seek medical care if condition does not improve.

Heatstroke body temperature becomes extremely high requires rapid intervention Signs of heatstroke Extremely hot, dry skin Confusion Seizures Unresponsiveness Care for Heatstroke Stop activity and rest in cool place Call 9-1-1. If unresponsive, open airway, check breathing, and provide care. Rapidly cool patient with cool, wet towels, fanning, and cold packs.

Cold-Related Emergencies Frostbite Hypothermia Frostbite Occurs when temperature drop below freezing Affects feet, hands, ears and nose Signs of frostbite white, waxy skin cold and numb blistering Care for Frostbite Get victim to water area. Remove any items that could impair circulation. Place dry dressings between toes and fingers. Seek medical care.

Hypothermia recognizing hypothermia body temperature falls and body cannot produce heat Signs of Hypothermia Uncontrollable shivering Confusion and lethargy Cold skin even under clothing

Care for Hypothermia

Get out of cold; stop further heat loss Prevent further heat loss; replace wet clothing, cover head, place blankets around the victim Handle gently and rewarm gradually. Have victim lie down. Give victim warm, sugary beverages Seek medical care for severe hypothermia

Water Rescue Reach throw-row-go Reach for victim Throw anything that floats Row by using canoe or other boat. Go by swimming ( must be tyrained). Entering water is a last resort

Ice Rescue Extend a pole or throw a line to victim with a floatable object. - pull victim toward shore or edge of ice.

Electrical Emergency Rescue Indoor Electrocutions Faulty electrical equipment or careless use of electrical appliances Turn off power at circuit breaker, fuse box, or outside switch box before touching the victim. High- Voltage Power lines Power must be turned off. Wait for trained personnel with proper equipment.

Hazardous Materials Incidents signs of Hazardous Materials Signs on vehicle Spilled liquids or solids Strong, unusual odors Clouds of vapor Stay away and upwind. Wait for trained personnel to arrive.

Motor Vehicle Crashes Park in a safe area and call 91-1. Turn on emergency hazard flashers Make sure scenes is safe Turn off ignitions of involved vehicles Place flares or reflectors If you suspect spinal injuries, stabilize head and neck Check and care for a lifethreatening injuries first.

Fires
Get all people out of the area quickly. Call 9-1-1 Use a fire extinguisher if the fire is small. Confined Space any area not intended for human occupancy dangerous atmosphere (low oxygen levels) Requires special training and equipment to perform rescue. For confined space emergencies. Call 9-1-1 Check motionless victims first. Only enter if you have proper training and equipment. Once victim is removed, provide care.

Triage classify into care and transportation Triage categories Fire Hazardous materials Impossible to protect from hazards Impossible to access other victims who need lifesaving care. Protect victims spine Drag in direction of the long axis of the body.

Emergency Moves drags shoulder drag blanket pull ankle drag one-person moves human crutch fire fighters carry piggyback carry cradle carry pack strap

two- person or three person moves two person or three person moves two person assist two handed seat carry four-handed seat carry Extremity carry Chair carry Hammock carry

Non-emergency moves - Al injured parts should be stabilized before and during moving. Care for external bleeding Wear gloves Expose wound Cover with clean cloth or gauze Apply direct pressure Elevate the area Do not remove blood-soaked dressings Apply a pressure bandage Apply pressure at a pressure point if needed.

Internal Bleeding Skin is not broken and blood is not seen. Recognizing internal bleeding. bruising painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen Vomiting or coughing up blood Black or bright red stool. Care for Internal Bleeding call 9-1-1 Care for the shock If vomiting occurs, roll victim on his or her side.

Wound care wash with soap and water Flush with water Remove small objects Apply direct pressure Apply antibiotic ointment Cover wound Seek medical care.

Wound infection
signs of infection Swelling Reddening Warmth Throbbing Pus discharge Seek medical care for infected wounds Tetanus booster shot every 5 to 10 years

Special Wounds

Amputations Embedded(impaled) objects. Care for Amputations control bleeding Treat for shock Recover amputated part Wrap part in gauze, place in a bag, and keep bag cool. Transport the part with the victim. Care for Embedded (impaled) objects Expose area. Do not remove the object Control bleeding around the object Stabilize the object.

Wounds that require medical attention arterial bleeding Uncontrolled bleeding Deep wounds Large or deeply embedded objects Foreign matter in wound Human or animal bite Possibility of noticeable scar Cut eyelid Slit up Internal bleeding Uncertain how to treat Need a tetanus shot

Dressings and bandages functions Control bleeding Prevent infection Absorb blood Protect the wound Types Gauze pads Adhesive strips Trauma dressings Improvised dressings

Bandages Functions Hold dressing in place Apply pressure to control bleeding Prevent or reduce swelling Support and stabilize an extremity or joint.

Types
Roller Self-adhering, conforming bandages Gauze rollers Elastic bandages Triangular Adhesive tape

Signs that bandage may be too tight blue tinge found on fingernails or toenails Blue or pale skin color Coldness of extremity Inability to move fingers or toes. Shock circulatory system failure Pump (heart) failure Fluid loss Pipe failure (blood vessels) Permanent damage to body parts possible if untreated.

SHOCKS circulatory system failure Pump (heart) failure Fluid loss Pipe failure (blood vessels) Permanent damage to body parts possible if untreated.

Recognizing shock altered mental status Pale, cold, and clammy skin Nausea and vomiting Rapid breathing and pulse Unresponsive in late stages

Care for shock -Treat severe and life threatening injuries - Position victim on his or her back - Raise victims legs 6 to 12 inches - Prevent heat loss.

Thank you for your attentive participation