Objectives
Understand how metal/alloy structure is formed & relates to theirs properties?
Outline
Atomic bonding
Structure of metals
Development of grain
structure
Atomic bonding
All true solids show a crystal structure which has a definite geometric arrangement of atoms or molecules. Some materials such as glass do not have a regular arrangement of molecules and are not true solids but rather supercooled liquids.
Atomic bonding
Question ? What holds the atoms or molecules of solids together? There are four possible types of bonds: i. ionic bond ii. Covalent or homopolar bond iii. Metallic bond iv. Van der Waals forces
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Ionic bond
The bond formed by the complete transfer of electrons from electropositive atoms to more electronegative atom is called ionic or electrovalent.
Covalent bond
The bond formed by the sharing of one, two, or three electron from each element is single covalent, double covalent and triple covalent bond respectively.
Metallic bond
When a complete outer shell cannot be formed by either electron transfer or electron sharing than it is possible to have a bond known as metallic bond. A metallic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction that the neighbour positive metallic ions have for the free (delocalized) electrons. The most commonly accepted theory for metallic bonding is called electron sea model
Metallic bond
Metallic bonding accounts for many properties of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity, opacity, and luster
The highly mobile free electrons account for the high electrical and
thermal conductivity values in metals.
Structure of materials
Crystalline materials have regular geometrical shape in which atoms have characteristic regular and repetitive three dimensional arrangement Examples of crystalline materials are metals, alloys and some ceramic materials.
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Space lattice
Metallic atoms, on solidification, arrange themselves in a regular three dimensional pattern. The three dimensional network of imaginary connecting atoms is called space lattice, or lines
The pattern of points made by the corners of the unit cells when they are packed together is called the space lattice.
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Unit cell
The unit cell is a small box containing one or more atoms, a spatial arrangement of atoms. or The smallest unit having the full symmetry of the crystal is called the unit cell.
The unit cells for each metal is defined by its lattice parameters, which are
the angles (between b & c), (between a & c) and (between a & b) are called interaxial angles.
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Crystalline structure good electrical and thermal conductivity, luster, the ability to be plastically deformed to a fair degree without fracturing, and a relativity high specific gravity (density) compared to non-metals. strength
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When metals solidify, the atoms arrange themselves in a geometric lattice. Many metals exist in only one crystal structure or lattice forms. Some metals can exist in solid state in two or more lattice
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Crystal Structure
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Crystal Structure
Most commercially important metals solidify into one of the three lattice types: Examples Body - centered cubic (BCC): e.g. Cr, Fe, Mn .Nb Face-centered cubic (FCC): e.g. Ag, Au, Pd, Al, Ca, Cu, Ni Hexagonal closed - pack (HCP): e.g. Ti, Zn, Mg, Cd, Zr
a unit cell
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In FCC, there is one lattice point at each corner of the cube and one at the centre of each cube face.
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If the atoms in the FCC unit cell are considered to be spherical, an atomic packing factor (APF) can be calculated by using the following equation:
APF or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by atoms.
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FCC
The APF for the FCC is 0.74 which is greater than the 0.68 factor for the BCC structure.
FCC is the preferred structure for many of the engineering metals and tend to provide the exceptionally high ductility that is the characteristic of Al, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Fe (at elevated).
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BCC
APF for the BCC = 68, i.e. 68 percent of the volume of BCC unit cell is occupied by atoms and the remaining 32 percent is empty space. Therefore packing is not so close as compared to FCC or HCP. Many metals such as iron, Cr, W, Mo and V have the BCC crystal structure at room temp. Compared to materials with other structures, BCC metals tend to be high strength.
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The APF of the HCP crystal structure is 0.74, the same as for the FCC. Metals having HCP structures e.g., Mg and Zn tend to
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When a metal solidifies, a small particle of solid forms from the liquid with a lattice structure characteristic of the given materials. This particle then acts like a seed or nucleus and grows as other atoms attach themselves. The basic crystalline unit, or unit cell, is repeated.
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In actual solidification, many nuclei form independently throughout the liquid and have random orientations with respect to one another.
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The number & size of grains in a metal vary with the rate of nucleation & the rate of growth. Resulting grain structure affects the certain mechanical properties, therefore it is an important property for an engineer to control and specify.
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Thanks
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