PHYTOREMEDIATION METHODS BY USING CALADIUM (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) AND WATER LETTUCE (PISTIA STRATIOTES) TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS (NI,

CR AND CU) IN WASTEWATER

GROUP 13
ROSNIDA BT RASLI - 101131868 SHAZWANI BINTI AB. RAHMAN - 101131162

ROZANAH BINTI ABDULLAH - 101131870

SALAM B. MAIDIN - 91131261 RAMZI ABDUL RASHID - 101131863

INTRODUCTION

Wastewater containing heavy metals in high concentration bring negatives effects to the environmental. According Raskin and Ensley, 2002, Phytoremediation is the use of plant species to clean up soil and water, is gaining a lot of importance in recent times since it is a cost effective, promising and environmentally friendly technology. Plants have unique ability to concentrate essential and nonessential elements from the soil through the roots This process was apply to mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils and water with plants where it able to contain, degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, crude oil and its derivatives and various other contaminants from the media that contain them.

OBJECTIVES

To study the wastewater treatment using phytoremediation method. To evaluate the effectiveness between caladium (colocasia esculenta) and water lettuce (pistia stratiotes) in the removal of heavy metals in wastewater

APPLICATIONS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION
Phytoextraction Uptake and concentration of metal via direct uptake into the plant tissue with subsequent removal of the plants

Phytodegradation Enhances microbial degradation in rhizosphere

Phytostabilisation Root exudates cause metal to precipitate and become less available

Phytovolatization Plants transpire selenium, mercury, and volatile hydrocarbons

Rhizofiltration Uptake of metals into plant roots

MECHANISM OF PHYTOREMEDIATION

The uptake of contaminants in plants occurs primarily through the root system, in which the principal mechanisms for preventing toxicity are found. The root system provides an enormous surface area that absorbs and accumulates the water and nutrients essential for growth along with other non-essential contaminants (Yin Ouyang 2002). Plant roots cause changes at the soil-root interface as they release organic and inorganic exudates in the rhizosphere. These root exudates affect the number and activity of microorganisms, the aggregation and stability of the soil particles around the root, and the availability of the contaminants. Root exudates by themselves can increase or decrease (immobilize) the availability of the contaminants in the root zone of the plants through changes in soil characteristics, release of organic substances, changes in chemical composition and/or increase in plant assisted microbial activity.

METHODOLOGY
AQUATIC PLANT
Caladium Water Lettuce

EXPERIMENT SETUP

The plants were kept in the copper, chromium and nickel solution for 7 days (each concentration 3 ppm and 5 ppm). The control set-up consisted of plants put into containers containing water.

The volume of water in each tank was kept constant and the change in volume due to evapotranspiration was compensated by the addition of deionised water.

RESULT

Caladium in Cr, Cu and Ni (3ppm) vs 7day

4

Caladium in Cr, Cu and Ni (5ppm) vs 7day

6

3.5
5 3 Concentration (mg/l) 2.5 2 1.5 Caladium(Cr) Caladium (Cu) Caladium (Ni)

Concentration (mg/l)

Caladium (Cr) Caladium (Cu)

Caladium (Ni)

1
0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Day 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 Day 6 7 8

CONT
Water Lettuce in Cr, Cu and Ni (3ppm) vs 7day
4 3.5 3 Concentration (mg/L) 2.5 2 1.5 Water Lettuce(Cr) Water Lettuce (Cu) Water Lettuce (Ni) 6

Water Lettuce in Cr, Cu and Ni (5ppm) vs 7day

Concentration (mg/L)

4 Water Lettuce(Cr) Water Lettuce (Cu) 2 Water Lettuce (Ni)

1
0.5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Day 5 6 7

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Day

PLANT EXTRACTION
Caladium and Water Lettuce vs Cr,Cu and Ni in concentration 3ppm
18 16 14 Concentration (mg/l) 12 10 Caladium 8 6 4 2 0 Cr 3ppm Cu 3ppm Ni 3ppm Water lettuce Concentration (mg/l)

Caladium and Water Lettuce vs Cr,Cu and Ni in concentration 5ppm

18 16 14 12 10 Caladium 8 6 4 2 0 Cr 5ppm Cu 5ppm Ni 5ppm Water Lettuce

PLANT CONDITION

Leaves Plant Sample initial Caladium Water lettuce Caladium Water lettuce Caladium Water lettuce Cr (3ppm) Cr (3ppm) Cu (3ppm) Cu(3ppm) Ni (3ppm) Ni (3ppm) 3 5 3 5 3 5 final 3 0 3 5 3 3

Colour initial green green green green green green final green yellow green yellow green yellow

PERCENTAGE OF HEAVY METAL REMOVAL

FROM SAMPLE
Percentage of Cr,Cu And Ni in concentration 3ppm from Water sample
120% 100% 100% Percentage of removal
Percentage of removal

Percentage of Cr,Cu And Ni in concentration 5ppm from Water sample

120%

80%
60% caladium 40% water lettuce

80%

60% caladium 40% water lettuce

20%

20%

0% Cr (3ppm) Cr (3ppm) Ni (3ppm) sample

0% Cr (5ppm) Cu Ni (5ppm) (5ppm) sample

DISCUSSION

From all observation, Caladium show the better absorption of heavy metal if compare to the Water Lettuce. The high concentration need more time to absorb heavy metal if compare to the lowest one. The heavy metals with 3ppm solution have faster of absorption than 5 ppm solution.

The types of heavy metal in water also affect the ability of plant sample to absorb it. In this experiment, Chromium (Cr) is hard to absorbed totally even after the seventh day if compare to the Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni).

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion that phytoremediation treatment is a promising remediation option for constructed wetlands. The effectiveness of two aquatic plants, Caladium and Water Lettuce, in removing copper, chromium and nickel from copper solutions were investigated. The plant species tested in this study could survive well in the tap water for a period of 7 days. Results obtained indicated that both plants were very effective in removing copper, chromium and nickel. Overall results indicate that both, Caladium and Water Lettuce, can be used for phytoremediation of copper, chromium and nickel contamination in water.