Introduction

Typists and Cashiers are everywhere, in malls, schools, and offices. These are the most common jobs that people work favor because there appears to be no risk involved. However, people did not know that repetitive motions that Typists and Cashiers perform can cause several disorder. Poor workplaces, bad postures and uncomfortable positions may cause these injuries.

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Problem

What are the factors, movements and postures that are done in this job?

How these contribute to having injuries or preventing them in the workplace?

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Limitations
Recommendations will only be based on groups data 3m distance Medical history of employees

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Sources of Error
Documentations done individually Human error Position and angle of workstation Subjects uncomfortable with picture taking

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Objectives
To determine the disorders experienced by the 10 subjects ( 5 cashiers and 5 typists) To document the body movements and illustrate posture assumed by the cashiers and typists

To determine possible causes of disorders and discomfort experienced by the subjects

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Methodology
Gathering and documenting the subjects
- 10 subjects ( 5 cashiers and 5 typists) - Picture doing their tasks

Measurement of the workers

- Angles for lower arm, upper arm, neck, and trunk

- Materials/Equipment: Goniometer and Protractor - RULA software (ErgoIntelligence UEA)

Administration of questionnaire
- Nordic questionnaire

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Results
ErgoIntelligence UEA used for finding results RULA Grand Score interpretation based on the Action Levels:
Action Level Level 1 Score 1-2 Remarks Acceptable if not maintained or repeated for long period of time Further investigation is needed and change may be required Investigation and changes are required soon Investigation and changes are required immediately

Level 2

3-4

Level 3 Level 4

5-6 7+

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Results
Cashier

RIGHT

LEFT

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Results
Cashier

RIGHT

LEFT

10

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Results
Cashier

RIGHT

LEFT

11

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Results
Cashier

RIGHT

LEFT

12

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Results
Cashier

RIGHT

LEFT

13

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Results
Typist

LEFT

RIGHT

14

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Results
Typist

LEFT

RIGHT

15

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Results
Typist

LEFT

RIGHT

16

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Results
Typist

LEFT

RIGHT

17

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Results
Typist

LEFT

RIGHT

18

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Nordic Results: Cashier

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Nordic Results: Typist

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Nordic Results: Summary

Cashiers (w/ pain)
Neck = 80% Shoulders = 80% Elbows = 60% Wrists/Hands = 80% Upper back = 60% Low back = 20% Hips = 60% Knees = 20% Ankles = 60%

Typists (w/ pain)

Neck = 80% Shoulders = 100% Elbows = 60% Wrists/Hands = 100% Upper back = 60% Low back = 20% Hips = 80% Knees = 0% Ankles = 40%

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Discussion
Dockrell et al. (2012)
- RULA is a fast observation method of posture analysis.

McAtamney and Corlett (1993)

- Theres no need for special equipment in RULA in presenting a quick assessment of postures.

Tayyari and Smith (1997)

- Most work problems are caused by awkward posture.

Bridger (1995)
- Activities involving repetitive movements could be associated with discomfort.

Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety (n.d.)

- Posture could contribute to injuries especially in repetitive tasks that involve using the wrist, palm, and elbow.

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Conclusion
RULA scores 3-4 Nordic Questionnaire indicate some pain Further Investigation or changes

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Recommendations
Stretching Rubber Mat Proper Posture Proper Training Scheduled Breaks Means to reach the check stand

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References
Bridger, R.S. (1995). Introduction to Ergonomics. (pp. 127-157). USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Dockrell, S., OGrady, E., Bennett, K., Mullarkey, C., Mc Connell, R., Ruddy, R., Twomey, S., & Flannery, C. (2012). An investigation of the reliability of rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) as a method of assessment of childrens computing posture. Applied Ergonomics, 43 (3), 632-636. Grocery cashiers. (n.d.). Retrieved on July 22, 2012, from http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hesis/documents/cashiers.pdf How to maintain good posture in the upper body. (2010). Retrieved July 22, 2012, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/341201-how-to-maintain-good-posture-in-the-upper-body/.html McAtamney, L., & Corlett E. (1993). RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics, 24 (2), 91-99. Metodo RULA - Rapid Upper Limb Assessment - Ergonomics and Occupational Health. (n.d.). Retrieved July 24, 2012, from http://www.ergonautas.upv.es/en/metodos/rula/rula-ayuda.php Office ergonomics - common office injuries. (n.d.). Retrieved on July 22, 2012, from http://www.webmd.com/painmanagement/tc/office-ergonomics-common-office-injuries Simple, effective strengthening and stretching exercises for the workplace. (n.d.). Retrieved July 22, 2012, from http://www.chinese-holistic-health-exercises.com/stretching-exercises-for-the-workplace.html Tayyari, F., Smith, J. (1997). Occupational ergonomics. (pp. 369-387). UK: Chapman & Hall. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) : OSH Answers. (n.d.). CCOHS: Canada's National Centre for Occupational Health and Safety information. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rmirsi.html

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