Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

NWRC BIO 30 Nancie martin

Section 9.1 Page 244-247

Do large cells perform tasks more efficiently than small cells? Bigger isnt bigger at the cellular level Small cells transport substances more efficiently than large cells . Diffusion is a slow process, the larger the cell the less efficient transport within it becomes

Cell Size
Calculate a cells surface area and its volume to determine ratio of area to volume the larger the ratio the more efficient the cell is. Smaller cells have higher ratios. (see page 244)

The Cell Cycle

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing in 2 this is called the cell cycle There are 3 main stages of the cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cells. Non-dividing cells not considered to be in the cell cycle. The stages, pictured on previous slide, are G1S-G2-M. The G1 stage stands for "GAP 1". The S stage stands for "Synthesis". This is the stage when DNA replication occurs. The G2 stage stands for "GAP 2". The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur.(your book adds C as a separate stage) Mitosis is further divided into 4 phases

Interphase
The cell is engaged in metabolic activity and performing its prepare for mitosis The cell grows replicates its DNA Interphase consists of G1, S and G2 stages

End of section 9-1 (try test)

Section 9-2 pages 248252

Mitosis
Mitosis consists of 4 stages Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense The nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.

Metaphase
Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.

Anaphase
The paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage.

Cytokinesis
This is the process which actually divides the cytoplasm of the cell. In plant cells, the rigid wall requires that a cell plate be synthesized between the two daughter cells.

End of Section 9.2 (try test) http://glencoe.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0078695104/student _view0/unit2/chapter9/section2/sel f-check_quizzes-english.html

Section 9.3 pages 253-257

Cell Cycle Regulation

The average cell in your body has a cell cycle of about 20hours however not all cells in the body reproduce at the same rates. Hair skin and nails for example have a shorter cycle than does bone tissue or nerve cells. The timing really does depend on the type of cell.

Cell Cycle Regulation

Cyclins (protiens) bind to Cyclin dependant Kinases (enzymes) during interphase and mitosis to control the rate of the cell cycle. Cyclins are so named because their concentration varies in a cyclical fashion during the cell cycle; they are produced or degraded as needed in order to drive the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle.

Cell Cycle Regulation

Cancers occurs when these processes fail and cells go through abnormal uncontrolled growth and cell division. This is lung cancer

Cancer

Causes of Cancer
Substances which interfere with normal cell division are called carcinogens

Apoptosis
Is a process of planned orderly death by a cell in a multicellular organism. It involves an orderly series of biochemical events leading to a cell death. The apoptotic process is executed in such a way as to safely dispose of cellular debris.

Stem Cellls
Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. Serving as a sort of repair system for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

Section 3 test
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