Mobile Communication System

Dr. DAI Bin

daibin@hust.edu.cn
EI Department of HUST
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Course Organization
Reference
Kaveh Pahlavan : Principles of Wireless Network: A Unified Approach Dharma Prakash Agrawal : Introduction to wireless and mobile systems Mischa Schwartz : Mobile Wireless Communications Slides from the lectures and turorials Research publications and standard docs(from IEEE eXplore) More... (from Internet)

Grading
Final Examination: Assignment: (Homeworks, Term Paper) 60% 40% (20%, 20%)

Term Paper
Groups of 2-3 students
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Literature survey and writing a review

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Course Outline
Part 1: Wireless Mobile Communications Principles
Overview of Wireless Communications Mobile Radio Channel Multiple Access Digital Communications The Cellular Concept

Part 2: Mobile Communication System GSM GPRS UMTS

GSM Data Communication and GPRS

UMTS

Part 3: Advanced Wireless Network Technology

Advanced Wireless communication (WLAN, WSN, MANET, Bluetooth,) Mobile IP Recent Advanced (hot topic)

Tutorial and Summary

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Overview of Wireless Mobile Communications Wireless Vision History and Evolution Taxonomy

Wireless Fundamentals
GSM Overview

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Wireless Vision: The Past

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Wireless Vision: The Present

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Brief history of wireless communication (1/5)

Early instances
Smoke signals for communication Use of light and flag signals 1794 optical telegraph

Electromagnetic waves are of special

importance
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction 1864 J. Maxwell proposes his theory of electromagnetic fields, wave equations 1888 H. Hertz demonstrates the wave character of electrical transmission through space

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Brief history of wireless communication (2/5)

1901 Marconis first demonstration of
transatlantic wireless communication using electromagnetic waves

1907 onwards commercial transatlantic

communication

1920 discovery of short waves by Marconi 1928 many TV broadcast trials 1950s-1970s
Some commercial installations of fixed wireless telephony, e.g., A-Netz and B-Nertz systems in Germany

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Brief history of wireless communication (3/5)

1970s
1970 ALOHANET: first packet radio network (University of Hawaii) 1973 Short baseband pulse communication (now known as ultra-wide band or UWB) 1979 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) system

1980s
1981 start of Global Spciale Mobile (GSM) specification

1982 start of American Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) specification

1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

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Brief history of wireless communication (4/5)

1990s
1991 Digital European Cordless Telephony (DECT) 1992 Start of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) 1996 High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HiperLAN) 1997 wireless LAN standard IEEE802.11 released 1998 specification of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) as European proposal for IMT-2000

1999 new wireless LAN standards 802.11b and 802.11a

1999 first specification of Bluetooth

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Brief history of wireless communication (5/5)

The millennium
2000 GSM with higher data rates and first GPRS trials 2001 start of third generation (3G) systems 2001 specification of the fixed wireless broadband standard IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) released 2002 IMT-Advanced for 4G was laid out (ITU-R proposed). 2003 Improved version IEEE 802.16a/g released 2003 IEEE 802.15.4 standard released (which eventually led to the development of the ZigBee application stack) 2004 proposes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the international standard. 2006 start the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea. 2008 Improved version LTE Advanced was proposed, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
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Classification of wireless networks

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Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

Network between devices carried or
worn by or near a person

Examples
Interconnection between a mobile phone and a headset
Interconnection between a laptop and projector equipment Wearable computing: everything from helmets, sunglasses to clothes

Technologies
InfraRed (IrDA)

IEEE 802.15 radio standards

Near Field Communication (NFC)
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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Network between devices in home and
office environment; typically gives access to a fixed infratsructure

Examples:
Interconnection of stationary and mobile devices such as desktops, laptops, telephones, television, etc. Internet access at public venues such as airports, restaurants, conferences, etc.

Technologies
IEEE 802.11 radio standards (WiFi) Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (DECT)

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Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)

Network covering a city or metropolitan
area; alternative to laying cables or optic fibres

Examples
Interconnecting operator network to WLANs or end user devices, or interconnecting several WLANs Broadband wireless solution for the last mile access to homes

Technologies
IEEE 802.16 radio standards (WiMax)

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Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)

Network covering a country, continent or entire globe;
typically interconnecting several WMANs and providing anywhere, anytime access

Examples:
Cellular networks Satellite systems

Technologies
GSM, UMTS, HSDPA

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Satellite Systems
Traditional Applications
Weather satellite Radio and TV broadcasting

Military satellites
Satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)

Telecommunication Applications
Global telephone connections
Backbone for global network Global mobile communication

Advantages
It is far away from the surface of the earth, can cover a wider area.
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Range vs. data rate

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1st Generation Cellular Systems and Services

First generation: 1980s Several competing standards in different countries
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), adopted in most of Europe TACS (Total Access Communication Systems), starts in 1985 UK standard; A few of Europe, Asia, Japan AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) US standard C-Netz (Only in Germany) Radiocom 2000 (Only in France)

Analog transmission
Frequency modulation

Various bands were defined in different countries, areas:

NMT: 450 MHz first, 900 MHz later

TACS: 900 MHz and 1230 bidirectional channels (25KHz each)

AMPS: 800 Mhz

Most of the first generation mobile networks are switched off

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2nd Generation Cellular Systems and Services

4 systems
Global System for Mobile (GSM) Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), US Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95) Qualcomm,US Personal Digital Cellular (PDC),Japan

GSM by far the dominant one

Originally pan-european Deployed worldwide

Basic bands:
900 MHz
1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System: DCS-1800) 1900 MHz (Personal Communication System:PCS-1900,US only)

Today, GSM is by far the most popular TDMA standard in the world, GSM
counts for over 70% of the global mobile market.

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21/2 Generation Cellular Systems and Services (1/2)

High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD)
Circuit switched data communication Uses up to 4 slots (1 slot = 9.6 or 14.4 Kbps)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Packet data (use spectrum only when needed!) dial-up comparable speed

Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)

Higher data rate available on radio interface
Up to 384 Kbps (8 slots) new modulation scheme (8PSK) May coexist with old GMSK
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3rd Generation Cellular Systems and Services (1/2)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
ITU standard: IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication 2000) UMTS forum created in 1996 Later on 3GPP forum (bears most of standardization activities) Wideband CDMA radio interface

But several other proposals accepted as compatible

Radio spectrum: 1885-2025 & 2110-2200 MHz

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3rd Generation Cellular Systems and Services (2/2)

Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to
provide high bearer rate capabilities:
2 Mbps for fixed environment;
384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and walk environments; 144 kbps for vehicular environment.

Scheduled Service:
Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA) Now in China(W-CDMA/TD-SCDMA/cdma2000)

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Overview of 3G/IMT-2000 standards

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Brief Introductions to Beyond 3G/4G Developing Beyond 3G/4G standards: (IMTAdvanced)

IEEE802.16, WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) 3GPP LTE(Long Term Evolution), LTE-Advanced 3GPP2 UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) TD-SCDMA+

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Wireless Communication Fundamentals

Frequency Spectrum
Multiple Access Cellular Concept

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Frequencies for Wireless Communication

twisted pair coax cable optical transmission

1 Mm 300 Hz

10 km 30 kHz

100 m 3 MHz

1m 300 MHz

10 mm 30 GHz

100 m 3 THz

1 m 300 THz

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

infrared

visible light UV

VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF = Very High Frequency

UHF = Ultra High Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light

Frequency and wave length:

= c/f

wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f

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Frequencies
VHF/UHF ranges for mobile radio
simple, small antenna for cars deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections

SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite

communication
small antenna, beam forming large bandwidth available

Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range

some systems planned up to EHF limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules
weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.

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Frequencies and Regulations

Orderly use of frequency spectra reduces interference
ITU for worldwide coordination Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the US European Conference for Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) and European Telecommunication Standards Institue (ETSI) in Europe License spectrum is allocated for unique use, e.g., cellular communication

Unlicensed spectrum is available for general use (with restrictions), e.g., 2.4 GHz ISM band

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Duplexing
Motivation: simultaneous two-way communication
Separate uplink and downlink

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

Each direction uses a different frequency band Transmitting and receving can occur at the same time

Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

Switch between directions quickly such that user doesnt notice

Transmitting and receiving can occur in the same frequency band

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Multiple User Perspective

How to share the broadcast wireless channel efficiently
among multiple users?
How to seperate transmissions from different users? How to avoid interference and collisions?

How to achieve flexible, efficient and fair share of bandwidth?

Multiplexing or multiple access Medium access control

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FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Frequency User 1 User n Frequency 1 Frequency 2

User 2
User n

Frequency n

User 2

User 1
Time

In each cell area, multiple users or wireless subscribers are served by a

single BS
A limited amount of bandwidth is allocated for wireless service, Multiplexing technique to increase the effectiveness of system

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In FDMA, frequency band divided into sub-bands, called channels FDMA used in all 1G cellular systems

Mobile Stations

Base Station

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TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Time 1 Time 2

User 1 User 2 User n

Time n

Mobile Stations

Base Station

In TDMA, one channel used by several users

Time slots Round-robin

TDMA used in most 2G cellular systems

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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Frequency

User n

. . .

User 2

User 1

Time

Code

Orthogonal code CDMA used in some 2G and most 3G cellular systems

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Frequency Hopping
Frequency Frame Slot

f1
f2

f3
f4

f5
Time

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A combination of FDMA and TDMA For defense purposes

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SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)

A channel can be used again at a certain distance
Often termed as spatial resue The distance must be large enough to prevent cochannel interference

Typical example: cellular systems

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Cellular Concept: Small Zone

BS

Service area (Zone)

Service area

Early wireless system: Large zone

BS BS BS BS

BS BS BS

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Cellular system: replaced a large zone with a number of small cells

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Fundamentals of Cellular Systems

Ideal cell area (2-10 km radius)

Cell

BS MS

Alternative shape of a cell

MS

Hexagonal cell area used in most models (allow a larger region to be divided into non-overlapping subregions)

Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station

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Purpose of Cellular System

Coverage and Mobility
Wide area outdoor coverage Depth of coverage Interworking between systems

Capacity
Large number of users Minimize blocked and dropped calls

Quality
Speech quality(voice) Bit error rate (data)

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GSM: Overview
formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) now: Global System for Mobile Communication European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardization
Institute)

simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991,

1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible

today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 200
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)

more than 1.2 billion subscribers in more than 630 networks more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM Over 550 billion/year SMS worldwide

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How does GSM work?

How can the system locate a user?

Why dont all phones ring at the same time?

What happens if two users talk simultaneously? Why can an Australian use her phone in China?

How secure is the mobile phone system?

What are the key components of the GSM network?

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Performance characteristics of GSM

Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services

Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers

Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization

High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality

high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)

Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN(personal identification number)

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Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register)

subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects

NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching

OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

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Part 1: Mobile Phones

The visible but smallest part of the network!

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Part 2: Antennas

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Part 3: Infrastructure
Not visible, but comprise the major part of the network (also from an investment point of view)

Base Stations

Data bases Management

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Switching units

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Summary
Brief history of wireless communication
Smoke, light, flag to electromagnetic waves to 1G, 2G, 3G

Classification of wireless networks

WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, WWAN
Range vs Rate

Introductions to global mobile systems

1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, beyond 3G/4G

Wireless communication fundamentals

Frequency Spectrum , Multiple Access, Cellular Concept

GSM overviews
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