The Space Race* 1957 to 1975

a competition of space exploration

By: Sivani Reddy

Causes
One

Cause of the Space Race was the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the most powerful countries after WWII. Both these countries were competing to be the number one world leader, so space was a critical area for battle.

Origin
The Space Race started when Russia sent Sputnik and the first man into space. The U.S. got the people thinking, If Russia can send satellites into space, then they can send nuclear weapons from space to the U.S. and destroy the U.S."

It also showed that Russia had better educated students to take Russia into space, and the U.S. was falling behind in education.

Sputnik
The

Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik the worlds first artificial satellite in October 1957 kicked off a decades-long space race between the Soviets and the United States.

The Space Race Details

Both

sides, the United States and the U.S.S.R., tried to show the world its superiority by being ahead in rocketry and spaceflight. At the end of the Cold War, they both agreed to build a space station and pursue other joint ventures in space. A competition that began in fear and hatred had turned into a partnership.

The Space Race Details

At

the start of the Space Race, there were no set rules for it. There wasnt a set goal, and nobody knew how to win it. For Americans, President Kennedy's declaration focused the Space Race on one clear goal: landing people on the Moon before the Soviets, so for the Americans, the Space Race became a race to get to the Moon. For years, the Soviets officially denied trying to get or race to the Moon. Now there is good evidence, that shows that they did actually compete to try to reach the Moon first.

The Space Race Details

The Space Race became a symbol of the political contest between two enemy world powers. The way the two competitors arranged to achieve their goals in space showed their basic differences. The United States had different civilian and military agencies, and only the military space programs were secret. Civilian space activities, like the race to the Moon, were widely publicized for the world to see. In the Soviet Union, all space programs were put into a secret military-industrial bureaucracy. Launches were not announced previous to the launch, and only successful missions were publicized.

John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy was the President of the United States at the time of the Space Race and was very involved with it.

"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project...will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important...and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.
President John F. Kennedy, 1961

We have a long way to go in the space race. We started late. But this is the new ocean, and I believe the United States must sail on it and be in a position second to none.
1962 President John F. Kennedy,

Valeriy Polyakov
Valeriy Polyakov is a Russian astronaut that holds the record of longest space flight in history. He stayed on the Mir Space Station for 15 month, and has over 22 more months of space experience.

Neil Alden Armstrong

Neil Armstrong was the commander of Apollo 11 which was the fist spacecraft with humans to land on the moon. He was the first human to set foot on the moon. When he got there he said the word, Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. After this, he became the Deputy Associate Administrator of Aeronautics at NASA.

Conclusion
Technology, in aerospace engineering and electronic communication, advanced a lot during this period. The effects of the Space Race went way beyond rocketry, physics, and astronomy. "Space age technology" extended to fields as different as home economics and forest defoliation studies, and the desire to win the race changed the ways in which students learned science. American concerns that they had fallen so quickly behind the Soviets in the race to space led to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on math and physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level. To this day over twelve hundred American high schools have their own planetarium installations, a direct effect of the Space Race.

Conclusion
Scientists helped develop space exploration technologies whose uses range from the kitchen to athletic fields. Dried watermelon and ready-to-eat foods, in particular food sterilization, package sealing techniques, stay-dry clothing, and even no-fog ski goggles have their roots in space science. Today over a thousand artificial satellites orbit earth, relaying communications data around the planet and facilitating remote sensing of data on weather, vegetation, and human movements to nations who own them. Also, much of the microtechnology which drives everyday activities from time-keeping to enjoying music derives from research initially driven by the Space Race. With all these advances since the first Sputnik was launched, the former Soviet Union's R-7 rocket, that marked the beginning the space race, is still in use today, servicing the ISS.

Results
Although

the pace of space exploration has slowed, it continues to advance long after the end of the Space Race. The United States launched the first reusable space shuttle on the 20th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, April 12, 1981. On November 15, 1988, the Soviet Union launched Buran, their first and only reusable spacecraft. These and many other nations continue to launch probes, many types of satellites, and large space telescopes.

Brevard County, Florida

Brevard

County Florida is the home of the Kennedy Space Center and the United States space shuttle launch site.

Primary Source

This primary source is a Summary of Discussion, 357th Meeting of the National Security Council concerning "U.S. Objectives in Space Exploration and Science

TimeLine

October 4, 1957- Sputnik 1, the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, is launched by the U.S.S.R., and stays in orbit until January 4, 1958. January 31, 1958- Explorer 1, the first U.S. satellite in orbit, lifts off at Cape Canaveral using a modified Jupiter-C rocket. It carries a scientific experiment of James A. Van Allen, and discovers the Earth's radiation belt. October 1, 1958- N.A.S.A. is founded, taking over existing National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. October 11, 1958- Pioneer 1, U.S. - IGY space probe, launched to a height of 70,700 miles. January 2, 1959- Luna 1, first man-made satellite to orbit the sun, is launched by the U.S.S.R. April 1, 1960- Tiros 1, the first successful weather satellite, is launched by the U.S.

TimeLine

April 12, 1961- Vostok 1 is launched by the U.S.S.R., carrying Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gargarin, the first man in space. He orbits the Earth once. March 18, 1965- The first space walk is made from Soviet Voskhod 2 by Cosmonaut Alexei A. Leonov. Duration is 12 minutes. March 1, 1966- Soviet Venera 3 impacts on Venus, the first spacecraft to reach another planet. It fails to return data. 1968- The United States launches Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon. July 20, 1969- Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, Jr. make the first manned soft landing on the Moon, and the first moonwalk, using Apollo 11. April 11, 1970- Apollo 13 is launched, suffering an explosion in its SM oxygen tanks. Its Moon landing is aborted, and the crew, James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr. and Fred W. Haise, Jr., return safely. June 24, 1974- Soviet Salyut 3, their first military space station, is launched. It remains in orbit until January 1975.

Biography
Space Race. 2002. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 29 Apr. 2008 <http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/gal114.htm>. The Space Race. 31 July 2007. 29 Apr. 2008 <http://www.thespacerace.com/>. "Space Race." Wikipedia. 8 May 2008. 9 May 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_race#Cold_War_roots>. "United States Flag." Maps of Teh World.Com. MapXL Inc. 9 May 2008 <http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/unitedstates-flag.html>. "Sputnik and the Space Race." Eisenhower Archives. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum. 9 May 2008 <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputnikd ocuments.html>.