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WCDMA Radio Network
Coverage Planning
Page3
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
Know the contents and process of radio network
planning
Understand uplink budget and related parameters
Understand downlink budget and related
parameters
Page4
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning


Page5
Capacity, Coverage, Quality
Capacity & Coverage
| Users | Cell Load | Interference Level
+ Cell Coverage
| Cell Coverage Cell Load + Capacity +
Capacity & Quality
| Users | Cell Load | Interference Level
+ Quality
| Quality ( BLERtar + ) + Capacity
Coverage & Quality
| Quality ( AMR | ) + Cell Coverage
Capacity
Quality
Coverage
COST
Page6
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Radio Network Planning (RNP) Process
Step1 : Radio network dimensioning
Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network
Page7
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Step1 : Radio network dimensioning
Radio network dimensioning includes coverage dimensioning
and capacity dimensioning
Obtain the scale of sites and configuration according to input
requirements when the coverage and capacity are balanced
Page8
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Input & output of radio network dimensioning
Capacity Related
-Spectrum Available
-Subscriber Growth
Forecast
-Traffic Density
Coverage Related
-Coverage Region
-Area Type Information
-Propagation Condition
QoS Related
-Blocking Probability
-Indoor Coverage
Input
Number of NodeB
Carrier configuration
CE configuration
Iub configuration

-Coverage Probability
Page9
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network Initial
Site Selection
Based on RND, radio network pre-planning is
intended to determine:
Theoretical location of sites
Implementation parameters
Cell parameters
Page10
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Site
Survey
We have to select backup location for site if
theoretical location is not available
Based on experience , backup site location is
selected in search ring scope , search ring =1/4R
Page11
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network
Simulation
U-Net use Monte Carlo simulation to generate
user distributions (snapshots)
By iteration, U-Net get the UL/DL cell load,
connection status and rejected reason for each
mobile
The example of Monte Carlo simulation:
Page12
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning


Page13
Contents
2. R99 Coverage Planning
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget
Page14
Process of R99 Coverage Planning
Goal of R99 coverage planning
obtain the cell radius
estimate NodeB number that could satisfy
coverage requirement
Start
Link Budget
Cell Radius
NodeB Coverage Area
NodeB Number
End
Propagation model
Path Loss
R
R
2
3 *
8
9
R Area =
2
3 *
2
3
R Area =
area coverage NodeB
area coverage Total
number NodeB
=
Page15
Contents
2. R99 Coverage Planning
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget



Page16
Uplink Budget Principle
Cable Loss
Antenna Gain
NodeB
Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss
UE Transmit Power
UE Antenna Gain
NodeB Antenna Gain
SHO Gain against fast
fading
SHO Gain against Slow
fading
Slow fading margin
Fast fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss
Maximum
Allowed path loss
UPLINK BUDGET
Antenna Gain
NodeB reception sensitivity
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
Page17
Element of Uplink Budget
1. UE_TransmissionPower ( dBm )
The UE maximum transmit power is determined by the power class of the UE,
which is specified by the 3GPP standard
The Class 4 UE, with maximum power 21 dBm, are normally considered due
to their popularity in the market
Grade of UE power TS 25.101 )
Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance
1 +33dBm +1/-3dB
2 +27dBm +1/-3dB
3 +24dBm +1/-3dB
4 +21dBm +2/-2dB
Page18
Element of Uplink Budget
2. Body Loss ( dB )
For voice, the body loss is 3 dB
For the other service , the body loss is 0 dB
3. Gain of UE TX Antenna ( dBi )
In general, the gain of UE antenna is 0 dBi

Page19
Element of Uplink Budget
4. Penetration Loss ( dB )
Indoor penetration loss means the difference
between the average signal strength outside the
building and the average signal strength of first
floor of the building
In terms of service coverage performance, micro-
cells provide an effective solution for achieving a
high degree of indoor penetration
Page20
Element of Uplink Budget
5. NodeB_AntennaGain ( dB )




6. Cable loss ( dB )
- Cable loss between NodeB and antenna
- Jumper loss between NodeB and antenna
- Connectors loss between NodeB and antenna
Sector Type Gain of Antenna (dBi)
Omni 11
2 Sector 18
3 Sector 18
6 Sector 20
C
a
b
l
e

L
o
s
s

Page21
Element of Uplink Budget
Path Loss and Fading
Path Loss - fading due to propagation distance
Long term (slow) fading - caused by shadowing
Short term (fast) fading - caused by multi-path propagation
Page22
Element of Uplink Budget
7. Slow Fading Margin
Slow Fading Margin depends on
Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge
The higher the coverage probability is, the more SFM is required
Standard Deviation of Slow Fading
The higher the standard deviation is, the more SFM is required

Received Signal Level [dBm]
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

F
threshold
Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge:
P
COVERAGE
(x) = P [ F(x) > F
threshold
]
SFM required
Without SFM
With SFM
Page24
Element of Uplink Budget
8. SHO Gain against Slow Fading
SHO reduces slow fading margin compared to the single cell case
SHO gain against slow fading can improve the coverage probability
SHO Gain against slow fading = SFM without SHO - SFM with SHO
SHO Gain Against SFM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
98% 95% 92% 90% 85%
Standard deviation=11.7
Path loss slope=3.52
Area coverage probability
(dB)
Page25
Element of Uplink Budget
9. Fast Fading Margin
Fast fading margin
required to guarantee fast power control
the factors affect FFM include channel model, service type, BLER
requirement
Uplink case: UE moves
towards the edge of the cell
Fast Fading Margin= Eb/No without fast PC - Eb/No with fast PC
Page26
Element of Uplink Budget
10.SHO Gain against Fast fading
SHO gain against fast fading reduces the Eb/No
requirement
SHO gain against fast fading leads to a gain for
reception sensitivity
SHO gain against fast fading exists for both uplink
and downlink (Typical value of SHO gain against
FFM is 1.5dB)
SHO Gain Against Fast Fading = Eb/No without SHO Eb/No with SHO
Page27
Element of Uplink Budget
11. Interference Margin in Uplink
Interference Margin is equal to Noise Rise

Higher cell load leads to heavier interference
Interference margin affects cell coverage

( ) | | dB Log NoiseRise
UL
q = 1 10
10
UL Load
N
o
i
s
e
R
i
s
e
(
d
B
)

Interference Curve in Uplink
50% UL Load 3dB
60% UL Load 4dB
75% UL Load 6dB
Page28
Element of Uplink Budget
12.NodeB Reception Sensitivity


N
th
: Thermal Noise
NF: Noise Figure
Eb/No : required Eb/No to maintain service quality
PG: Processing Gain
PG N E NF N sitivity ceptionSen
b th
+ + =
0
/ Re
Page29
Element of Uplink Budget
12.NodeB Reception Sensitivity
N
th
: Thermal Noise is the noise density generated
by environment and equals to:

KBoltzmann constant, 1.3810
-23
J/K
TTemperature in Kelvin, normal temperature:
290 K
WSignal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth
3.84MHz
N
th
= -108dBm/3.84MHz
) * * log( 10 W T K N
th
=
Page30
Element of Uplink Budget
12.NodeB Reception Sensitivity
NF: Noise Figure :
For Huawei NodeB, latest NF is 1.6dB
For commercial UE, typical NF is 7dB.

Page31
Element of Uplink Budget
12.NodeB Reception Sensitivity
PG: Processing Gain :
Processing gain is related with the service bearer
rate, and the detail formula is present below:
)
rate bit
rate chip
log( 10 Gain ocess Pr =
Page32
Element of Uplink Budget
12.NodeB Reception Sensitivity
Eb/No is required bit energy over the density of total noise to maintain
service quality
Eb/No is obtained from link simulation
Eb/No is related to following factors
Service type
Multi-path channel model
User speed
The target BLER
Page33
Contents
2. R99 Coverage Planning
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget



Page34
Downlink Budget Principle
CableLoss
Antenna Gain
UE
Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss
NodeB Transmit Power
UE Antenna Gain
NodeB Antenna Gain
SHO Gain against fast
fading
SHO Gain against Slow
fading
Slow fading margin
Fast fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss
DOWNLINK BUDGET
Maximum
allowed path loss
UE reception sensitivity
Antenna Gain
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
Page35
Element of Downlink Budget
Interference Margin in Downlink

Wherein, is non-orthogonality factor, f is the
interference ratio of other cell to own cell
Interference margin is equal to noise rise

( )
N
DL Max
N
other own N
N
total
P
CL P f No
P
I I P
P
I
NoiseRise
/ q o + +
=
+ +
= =
o
Interference Margin
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
120 125 130 135 140 145 150
IM(dB)
CL(dB)
=0.6, = 1.78,

PMax=20W,
o f
9 . 0 =
DL
q