ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

IV Semester, MMS,
Prof Bharat Nadkarni

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Environmental Management The circumstances or conditions that surround one; surroundings. Includes both Biotic (Living) and abiotic (non living). Concerns life support systems linked with development and economic growth. ISO 14000 International; EMAS Eco-management and Audit Scheme, EU. ; BS7750 UK ; Stake holders of Environment : Investors, Customers, Employees , Insurers, Regulators & Statutory Bodies and Environmental Groups.
What should be the model of growth? Changes required at local, national, regional and global level together with economic and social transformation at the individual and community level

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Sustainable development

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Sustainable development
Sustainable Development is narrated as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Rate of consumption of natural resources should approximate the rate at which the resources are substituted or replaced. Ex. Deforestation, Mining etc. A society is able to satisfy its requirements social, economic and others without jeopardizing the interest of future generation. Realization that nature is fragile. Nature is finite . Beyond a critical threshold level, decline would lead to disaster. Principal of justice of equity between the people of north and south hemesphere. National and international institutional leaders have responsibility for sound developmental, economic and environmental issues

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Sustainable development must lead to reducing poverty of people in developing countries by means that minimize resource depletion, environmental damage and social instability. In nutshell it means concerns for protecting environment and avoiding depletion of non renewable resources. It also refers to equity i.e. equal access to resources. Hence it is infutile to talk about environmental problems and sustainable developments with the problems of inequality and poverty are ignored and principle of inter generational distribution of resources is not observed. Finally systems analysis that is how economic social and environmental systems interact at various scales of operation in a way that would lead to sustainable development that strikes optimal balance among the three subsistence.

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Why Environmental Management in Business School??? Industry and Business have a major share in depletion of resources and degradation of environment. A Manager manages the Resources Management and Environmental Management. Do He /She possess expertise, skill or Education to perform the task. Do the business schools impart Knowledge and sensibility to appreciate the problem. No more an era of Engineers and Lawyers. All aspects of business have Environmental angle. Developed countries have separate Environmental Managers. Services like Insurance and Banking too have Environmental implications and require expertise of Environmental Management.

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NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 1. Knowledge of Environmental Protection services, legislation and rules and regulations for setting up new industry or trade, production process handling waste, packaging, eco labeling, Environmental protection instruments is essential. 2. Environmental considerations should be a part of Corporate Strategy 3. Developing a product, new instruments and organizational setup. 4. Management schools have an obligations to train managers or at least sensitize the Student , managers on issues of Environmental concerns and strategy.

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FUNDAMENTALS CONCERNING ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Population and its implication
Interplay between population growth, resources depletion and environmental damage. Erlich equation I =PxAxT I Impact on environment P Population A Affluence (consumption) T Technology co-efficient

Sustainability should reflect equity, environmental concerns and social responsibilities vis-a-vis population regardless of time or location.

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Limits to growth Change is required in peoples attitude, consumption pattern, manufacturing, marketing practices and technology i.e. less intensive in its use of materials and energy. Example use of firewood versus cooking gas Principal of sufficiency and efficiency Financial assistance and technology transfer from industrialised country to developing countries . An egalitarian view Economy Rate of GNP, an indicator of economic performance of a nation, is based on high rate of consumption of natural resources which is in conflict with environmental concerns. The national accounting system should reflect the state of both economy and environment eg china.

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Poverty While managing environment and resources, due consideration has to be given to the fact that poor people directly depend on natural resources for their livelihood. Eradication of poverty which is linked with employment and income generation programmes. Human Settlement issues
Environmental implications of urbanization and other human habitations has led to concerns like providing shelter to all, investing in infrastructure for providing water, sewage and solid waste, promoting sustainable energy and transport system, land use management ex. Mumbai city. Land Resources Planning and management of land resources which also includes natural resources, soil, minerals and biota. Land is finite resource.

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Biodiversity It means variety of Plant and animal species, presence absence or richness which determines the state of biological wealth eg coral rich coast nr. Jamnagar. Protection of Ocean Coastal areas are crowded with human population. The marine and aquatic resource is constantly polluted by sewage, plastic, metals and other organic compounds like oil spillage. Business and Industry. Environment issues are closely linked to resource utlisation right from production process, strategy to technology throughout the product life cycle. Environmental Impact Analysis, Environmental Audits, Legal and voluntary initiatives makes industries responsible towards environment management.

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Ecological Deficit. Akin to Budgetary deficit Loan from World Bank and IMF removes when economy improves. For ecological deficit Action plan? Ex Ganga Action Plan, wasteland development program. Many of the ancient civilizations like Indus valley, Mediterranian etc crumbled due to disregard for environment although they flourished in science , technology, literature, Music etc.
Village and Community Involvement The village pond, grazing land, forests, streams were common property and cannot be maintained by government alone.

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Energy Issues
Developed countries are highly energy consuming. Depletion of fossil fuels is a reality. Energy Production and Balance Renewable (solar, wind, water, biomass) and Non Renewable (fossil fuels-coal, natural gas, oil). Around 80% of the worlds energy is from fossil fuels (except France, which gets 70% of its energy from Nuclear energy). Major issues of fossil fuels is emission of carbon dioxide in excess of what can be absorbed by repetition. Of the developing countries China has the highest per capita consumption of energy.

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Renewable Energy (Non Conventional) Developed countries use it for Environmental reasons. Developing countries use it for Economic reasons. Hydropower is the largest in Developing countries. In countries like China, India, Brazil only 15% of the potential is utilized. Wind power has also great potential, estimated to provide 10% of total energy now. Solar power through Photovoltaic cells. Biomass-Use of cultivate and uncultivated vegetation. Wood is a source for poor people in Africa and Asia.

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Energy Policy Energy plays an important role in Development. Coal (56%), Petroleum (32%), Other (12%- Non conventional, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Hydro). Traditional- Fuel wood, Agricultural waste and Animal Residue. India- Net Importer of Energy (2/3rds of Petroleum products is Imported).
Government Policy Sustainability Issues Affordable Issues:Subsidies leading to budget deficits. Energy divide and associated Environmental hazards.

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Energy Reserves Coal- High Ash content (40 to 50%), Low Calorific value (1300 to4200Kcal/Kg). Nuclear-Rich reserves of Thorium and Uranium. Natural Gas- Being Explored (NELP).

Energy Consumption
Industrial Sector Largest consumer- 50% 0f Conventional Energy. Major Energy intensive Industries-Fertilizer, Aluminum, Textiles, Cement, Iron and steel, Paper and Pulp, etc.

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Transport Sector: Largest consumer of Petroleum Sector- HSD and Gasoline (Petrol) =50% of total Consumption. Huge demand due to increase in passenger and freight movement. Serious implications for health and environment in Urban areas. Agricultural Sector: Consumption has grown significantly due to mechanization. Relative share of electricity and diesel power against human and labour has grown up from 5.3% in 1950-51 to 50%in 1995-96. Domestic sector: Biomass wood is a major source. 78% of rural and 30% of urban households depend on tree wood.

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Energy and Environmental Concerns Environmental effects of various fuels with increased consumption is an issue: Thermal Power Plant: Air pollution- SO2, NOX, CO2. Fly Ash- Disposal. Green home gases emitted- 48% of carbon. Nuclear Power Plant: Safety and economics of Radioactive waste disposal. Chernobyl tragedy. Hydro Power Plant: >Social and Environmental costs associated with dislocation of people, submergence of wildlife habitats, forests and downstream hydrology.

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Conclusion: There is a need to improve energy efficiency especially in industries. Energy management involves not only conservation and efficiency but also search for alternative sources.

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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA): Impact of product on Environment by examining all the stages starting from raw materials, manufacturing, energy need, waste generated, packaging, marketing, waste and pollutants involved, when the product is in use and effects of disposal, Biodegradability and concept of recycling. Environmental issues then become a part of the culture of the Organization.
Reason for absence of Course on Environment: Inertia on part of State. Government policiesCompanies RoleManagers Larger Society.

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Insensitivity of Business and Industry sector: Cost v/s legal action for Environmental Regulations. Training and development of employees to Environmental issues. Way forward : Investors rate companies on the basis of Environmental performance and energy Efficiency Shortage of Faculty Paucity of reading material: Case studies as Indian Environment Initiative lacking from Chamber of Industry - FICCI and Assocham;Corporate conservation committee (CCC),USA formed 15 years back. Committee of Industry and Management Schools.

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Thank you

Environment Management Ten countries with highest emission of CO2

Country USA Total CO2 emmissions (million MT) 5469

China
Russian Federation Japan India Germany United Kingdom

3192
1818 1127 909 835 542

Ukraine
Canada Italy

438
436 410