ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE

SUBMITTED BY: www.archidude.com

What is landscaping?
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including: 1. living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly referred to as gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape. 2. natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; 3. human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material objects created and/or installed by humans; and 4. abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions. landscape could be generally classified into two: Organic Inorganic

DIFFERENT ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ELEMENTS:

ORGANIC ELEMENTS 1. Plants 2. Water 3. Earth forms INORGANIC ELEMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Stone Brick Timber Metal Plastics Glass Composite materials (mixture of glass and plastics)

ORGANIC ELEMENTS:
1.PLANTS:

Plants are the product of biological processes. They are the starter of eco system.

There are many varieties of plant materials such as:

Trees Shrubs Creepers and climbers Land covers .etc.

USES:

Environmental 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Microclimate modifiers Conservation belt Erosion control Retains ground water Retains soil fertility Prevents siltation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Architectural Enframement Scale induction Creation of plaza Defines pathway Welcoming look and aesthetic appeal to the building

SHRUBS

CREEPERS

CLIMBERS

COVERED PATHWAYS

GROUND COVERS

TREES

2.WATER BODIES:

Water is also another most important landscape element. Water bodies improve the quality and the worth of the site.it makes the site attractive. There are many types of water :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fountains Pools Ponds Spouts Artificial waterfalls.etc.

WATER Water flows inevitably, from the source to the receiving ocean basin. This continuity of rivulets , streams and rivers can be readily observed.

USES:

1. Excellent land water interface gives an ecological home for the animals and plants. 2. Water runoff reduced. 3. Microclimate created. 4. Moisture level maintained. 5. Wetland, marshes, swampy areas are conserved. 6. Maintaining vegetation into wetlands. 7. Hydrological cycle maintained. 8. Site aesthetics are enhanced.

QUALITIES OF WATER: In depth, water may range from deep to no more than a film of surface moisture. In motion, from rush to gush, spurt, spout, spill, spray or seep. In sound, from tumultuous roar to murmur.

WATER CAN BE USED: 1. AS A RESOURSE 2. FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES 3. SCENIC VIEWS 4. AS A LANDSCAPE FEATURE

Fountains:

A fountain is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin or jets into air to supply drinking water or to provide a dramatic effect. Types of fountains:
1. Musical fountains 2. Flash fountain 3. Drinking fountain

JETS

DRINKING WATER FOUNTAINS

1. CASCADE

2.SMOOTH SHEET FLOW

When water overflows from a height and forms a screen it is called a smooth sheet flow.
When water flows in steps it is called as cascade. When large volume of water is pressurised through small openings jets occur.

3. JETS

INORGANIC ELEMENTS:
1. ROCKS AND STONES:

Stones are hard, impermeable, inorganic elements used extensively in landscape architecture. Stones are basically used for the following: 1. Paving 2. Retaining wall 3. Stacked stone wall 4. Sitting 5. Shelters 6. Parapets 7. Bridges 8. Sculptures 9. Planters 10.Bollards

Different Stones And Properties: Igneous rock: Formed when molten rock (called lava or magma) cools and harden Eg: granite. Sedimentary rock: Formed from biological deposits that have undergone consolidation and crystallization Eg: limestone, sandstone Metamorphic rock: Formed when other kinds of rocks are changed by great heat and pressure inside the earth Ex: marble, slate, quartzite.

PAVING:

PLANTERS

BRIDGES:

STACK RETAINING WALLS

SEATINGS AND SHELTERS:

Bricks:
Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or shaped from quarried stone. Nowadays concrete or cement bricks are also made and used widely.
Bricks are extensively used in landscaping for making: 1. 2. 3. 4. Curb pavements planters Screens.etc.

BRICK PAVING

CURB STONE

3.TIMBER:
Timber is yet another best used elements of landscape. This adds the attraction and improves the quality of landscaping by its use in various ways: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Benches Tables Shelters Pergolas Bridges Sculptures .etc.

METAL:
Metals are nowadays extensively used in landscape architecture. Metals are being used as: 1. Benches 2. Railings 3. Bollards 4. Pergolas 5. Fencing 6. Lightings 7. Sculptures 8. Bridges 9. Dustbins 10. Bicycle parking.etc. 1. FERRROUS METAL: e.g. stainless steel mild steel cast iron wrought / ductile iron 2.NON-FERROUS METAL: e.g. copper aluminum zinc

BENCHES

BOLLARDS

RAILINGS

BICYCLE PARKING

LUMINAIERS

SCULPTURES

DUSTBINS

TREE GAURDS

SCULPTURES

GLASS:
Glass is a transparent fusion of silica, alkaline flux, and stabilizer into a rigid, noncrystalline mass. An extremely versatile material, molten glass can be formed by various means. It can be blown into bulbous shapes, flowed into sensuous forms, or cut, flattened, and cooled slowly to reduce brittleness.

PLASTIC:

Plastics are non bio degradable materials. These materials are used in landscaping for the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Planters (pots) Furniture Dustbins Toys and sculptures.etc.

GARDEN TOYS

PLANTERS

SHELTERS

DUSTBIN

12.EARTH FORMS :
LAND: Land is the solid part of the earth surface. EARTH FORM: Three dimensional relief of the surface of earth is called as earth form. Methods Of Representation Of Earth Forms: 1. Contours 2. Hachure The shape or the relief of the ground surface can be indicated by contours. These are the lines of equal height above a fixed reference point or bench mark of known or assumed elevation. These lines basically join points which have equal heights above the fixed point. they are considered to be the signatures of the land form along with the Hachure. Hachure are also representative lines which are drawn perpendicular to the slope.

Methods of modification of earth forms: 1. Grading :cutting and filling 2. Resculpting of land

Map showing hachures and pictorial relief.

The map above shows both form lines and pictorial relief.

Contours and form lines are drawn on a map by projecting the 3-D ground onto a flat surface

How hachures are developed (different methods).

WATERSHED A river collects water from a broad area around it called a watershed.

RIDGES AND VALLEYS

WATER BODIES

PARTIALLY MODIFIED LANDSCAPE

OCEANS

DESERT LANDS

OTHER COMPOSITE MATERIALS:

Furniture(plastic wood & metal)

Recycled composite material brick

Composite deck material

Pavements made out of recycled brick

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