Objectives
Understand types of state changes Comprehend thermodynamic cycles Comprehend the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics to include entropy, reversibility, & the Carnot cycle Determine levels of output and efficiency in theoretical situations
State Changes
In addition to using flow/no-flow classifications for thermo processes, it is helpful to look at what happens to a medium also Isobaric: pressure remains constant throughout process (some pistons)
q12 = h2 - h1
State Changes
q12 = u2 - u1
Adiabatic: no transfer of heat to or from medium during process -> usually in a rapid process
w = u2 - u1
Thermodynamic Cycles
Defn: a recurring series of thermodynamic processes through which an effect is produced by transformation or redistribution of energy One classification:
Open: working fluid taken in, used, & discarded Closed: working medium never leaves cycle, except through leakage; medium undergoes state changes & returns to original state
Working substance: transports energy within system Heat source: supplies heat to the working medium Engine: device that converts the thermal energy of the medium into work
Heated: heat added in engine itself Unheated: heat received in some device separate from engine
Heat sink/receiver: absorbs heat from the working medium Pump: moves the working medium from the low-pressure side to the high-pressure side of the cycle Examples:
Closed, unheated engine: steam cycle Open, heated engine: gasoline engine
Working Substance
Qin
Engine W
Qout
Pump HEAT SINK
Reversibility:
the characteristic of a process which would allow a process to occur in the precise reverse order, so that the system would be returned from its final condition to its initial condition, AND all energy that was transformed or redistributed during the process would be returned from its final to original form
Defn 1: (Clausius statement) no process is possible where the sole result is the removal of heat from a low-temp reservoir and the absorption of an equal amount of heat by a high temp reservoir Defn 2: (Kelvin-Planck) no process is possible in which heat is removed from a single reservoir w/ equiv amount of work produced
Overall: NO thermodynamic cycle can have a thermal efficiency of 100% (i.e., cannot convert all heat into work) Quick review:
1st Law: Conservation/transformation of energy 2nd Law: Limits the direction of processes & extent of heat-to-work conversions
Entropy
Defn: theoretical measure of thermal energy that cannot be transformed into mech. Work in a thermodynamic system It is an index of the unavailability of energy or the reversibility of a process In all real processes, entropy never decreases -> entropy of universe is always rising
Carnot Cycle
Second Law states that no thermo system can be 100% efficient, and no real thermal process is completely reversible A French engineer, Carnot, set out to determine what the max efficiency of a cycle would be if that cycle were ideal and completely reversible
Carnot Cycle
All heat is supplied at a single high temp and all heat is rejected at a single low temp Carnot used a simple cycle
Carnot Cycle
TSource
Working Substance
Qin
Engine W
Qout
Pump TSink
Carnot Cycle
Carnot Principle: the max thermal efficiency depends only on the difference between the source and sink temps Does not depend on property of fluid, type of engine, friction, or fuel Example:
Questions?