Fluid Compartments
Body Fluids are separated by semipermeable membranes into various physiological (functional) compartments Two Compartment Model
Intracellular = Cytoplasmic (inside cells) Extracellular (outside cells)
The Two Compartment Model is useful clinically for understanding the distribution of many drugs in the body
Fluid Compartments
The Three Compartment Model is more useful for understanding physiological processes
[2] Interstitial = Intercellular = Lymph (between the cells in the tissues) [3] Plasma (fluid portion of the blood)
Other models with more compartments can sometimes be useful, e.g., consider lymph in the lymph vessels, CSF, ocular fluids, synovial and serous fluids as separate compartments
Fluid Compartments
Total Body Water (TBW) - 42L, 60% of body weight
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 28L, 67% of TBW Extracellular Fluid (ECF) 14L, 33% of TBW
Interstitial Fluid - 11L, 80% ECF Plasma - 3L, 20% of ECF
Fluid Balance
Fluid balance
When in balance, adequate water is present and is distributed among the various compartments according to the bodys needs Many things are freely exchanged between fluid compartments, especially water Fluid movements by:
bulk flow (i.e., blood & lymph circulation) diffusion & osmosis in most regions
Water
General
Largest single chemical component of the body: 45-75% of body mass Fat (adipose tissue) is essentially water free, so there is relatively more or less water in the body depending on % fat composition Water is the solvent for most biological molecules within the body Water also participates in a variety of biochemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic
Water
Water balance
Sources for 2500 mL - average daily intake
Metabolic Water Preformed Water
Ingested Foods Ingested Liquids
Kidneys
evaporation perspiration
Non-electrolytes Electrolytes
Concentrations of Solutes
molecules formed by only covalent bonds do not form charged ions in solution Molecules formed with some ionic bonds; Disassociate into cations (+) & anions (-) in solutions (acids, bases, salts) 4 important physiological functions in the body
essential minerals in certain biochemical reactions control osmosis = control the movement of water between compartments maintain acid-base balance conduct electrical currents (depolarization events)
Distribution of Electrolytes
Electrolyte Balance
Aldosterone [Na+] [Cl-] [H2O] [K+] Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (opposite effect) Antidiuretic Hormone [H2O] ( [solutes]) Parathyroid Hormone [Ca++] [HPO4-] Calcitonin (opposite effect) Female sex hormones [H2O]
Electrolytes
Sodium (Na+) - 136-142 mEq/liter
Most abundant cation
major ECF cation (90% of cations present) determines osmolarity of ECF
Regulation
Aldosterone ADH ANP
Homeostatic imbalances
Hyponatremia - muscle weakness, coma Hypernatremia - coma
Electrolytes
Chloride (Cl-) - 95-103 mEq/liter
Major ECF anion
helps balance osmotic potential and electrostatic equilibrium between fluid compartments plasma membranes tend to be leaky to Cl- anions
Electrolytes
Potassium (K+)
Major ICF cation
intracellular 120-125 mEq/liter plasma 3.8-5.0 mEq/liter
Very important role in resting membrane potential (RMP) and in action potentials Regulation:
Homeostatic imbalances
Electrolytes
Calcium (Ca2+)
Most abundant ion in body
plasma 4.6-5.5 mEq/liter most stored in bone (98%)
Regulation:
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - blood Ca2+ Calcitonin (CT) - blood Ca2+
Homeostatic imbalances:
Hypocalcemia - muscle cramps, convulsions Hypercalcemia - vomiting, cardiovascular symptoms, coma; prolonged abnormal calcium deposition, e.g., stone formation
Electrolytes
Phosphate (H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43-)
Important ICF anions; plasma 1.7-2.6 mEq/liter
most (85%) is stored in bone as calcium salts also combined with lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and high energy phosphate transport compound important acid-base buffer in body fluids
Regulation - regulated in an inverse relationship with Ca2+ by PTH and Calcitonin Homeostatic imbalances
Phosphate concentrations shift oppositely from calcium concentrations and symptoms are usually due to the related calcium excess or deficit
Electrolytes
Magnesium (Mg2+)
2nd most abundant intracellular electrolyte, 1.3-2.1 mEq/liter in plasma
more than half is stored in bone, most of the rest in ICF (cytoplasm) important enzyme cofactor; involved in neuromuscular activity, nerve transmission in CNS, and myocardial functioning
Acid-Base Balance
Buffer Systems
Buffer systems - instantaneous; temporary Exhalation of CO2 - operates within minutes; cannot completely correct serious imbalances Kidney excretion - can completely correct any imbalance (eventually) Consists of a weak acid and the salt of that acid which functions as a weak base Strong acids dissociate more rapidly and easily than weak acids
Acid-Base Balance
Phosphate Buffer
Acid-Base Balance
CNS and peripheral chemoreceptors note changes in blood pH Increased [H+] causes immediate hyperventilation and later increased renal secretion of [H+] and [NH4+] Decreased [H+] causes immediate hypoventilation and later decreased renal secretion of [H+] and [NH4+]
Acid-Base Imbalances
Acidosis
High blood [H+] Low blood pH, <7.35
Alkalosis
Low blood [H+] High blood pH, >7.45
Acid-Base Imbalances
Acid-Base imbalances may be due to problems with ventilation or due to a variety of metabolic problems
Respiratory Acidosis (pCO2 > 45 mm Hg) Respiratory Alkalosis (pCO2 < 35 mm Hg) Metabolic Acidosis (HCO3- < 23 mEq/l) Metabolic Alkalosis (HCO3- > 26 mEq/l)
Compensation: the physiological response to an acid-base imbalance begins with adjustments by the system less involved
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hysteria Fever Asthma
Metabolic Alkalosis
End Chapter 26