Chapter 13

Blood

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Circulatory System

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Functions
Transportation: 02 and C02, nutrients, waste

Regulation: hormones, body temperature Protection: blood clotting, immune system

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: - Cardiovascular System (CV)

Heart:
Pump.

Blood vessels:
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.

- Lymphatic System:
Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

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BLOOD

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COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

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Composition of Blood
Plasma- liquid part

Formed elements- cells and platelets

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Composition of Blood
Plasma:
- H20

- dissolved solutes. Ions (Na+, etc.), nutrients, hormones.

- plasma proteins (7-9% of plasma)

albumin, a b and g globulins, fibrinogen

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Composition of Blood
Plasma proteins: Albumin:
Major-Accounts for 60-80% of plasma proteins. Provides the osmotic pressure needed to draw H20 from interstitial fluid into capillaries. .: Maintains blood pressure.

Globulins:
a globulins and b globulins:
Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.

g globulins:
Antibodies.

Fibrinogen:
clotting factor.

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Blood
Formed elements: RBC

WBC
platelets

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Blood
Formed elements: RBC WBC= leukocytes, including: - granulocytes - agranulocytes, including: lymphocytes Platelets (not cells)

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Blood Cells and Platelets

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RBC
Red Blood Cells (RBC)= Erythrocytes biconcave discs. increased surface area through which gas can diffuse. full of hemoglobin (and iron), to carry O2. no nuclei, no mitochondria (anaerobic metabolism). Life span of ~ 120 days. Each RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules.

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WBC
White blood cells (WBC)= leukocytes Roll in blood, and can crawl. Can squeeze through capillary walls= diapedesis or extravasation. Granular leukocytes= granulocytes
Neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes), eosinophils (vs. parasites), basophils (heparin) Life span of ~ under 3 days

Agranular leukocytes= agranulocytes

Lymphocytes = immune system Monocytes (macrophages) Life span of ~ 100-300 days

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Extravasation

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Extravasation

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Platelets (thrombocytes)
Are fragments of megakaryocytes.
lack nuclei. amoeboid movement. small

blood clotting

Survive 5-9 days.

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FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS

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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis Differentiation process which forms blood cells. - much mitosis, differential gene expression.

Occurs in myeloid tissue (bone marrow of long bones).

2 types of hematopoiesis:
Erythropoiesis:
Formation of RBCs.

Leukopoiesis:
Formation of WBCs. Also in lymphoid tissue.

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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis: formation of new RBC In myeloid tissue (bone marrow of long bones) takes about 3 days
2.5 million RBCs are produced every second!
-

stimulated by Erythropoietin
-

A hormone, secreted by kidneys (they sense need for more O2) EPO-GEN: recombinant erythropoietin
-

for chemotherapy, dialysis patients

Old RBCs are destroyed in spleen and liver.

Iron recycled carried by transferrin in the blood

Need iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid for erythropoiesis.

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Illnesses
Anemia: lack of RBC or hemoglobin

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Leukopoiesis
Leukopoiesis - development of WBCs - In myeloid and lymphoid tissue - stimulated by cytokines, including interleukins

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BLOOD TYPING

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Blood Typing
Genes -> proteins (antigens) on surface of RBC A, B, AB, O. Important for transfusions. Some use in paternity, maternity determinations. See lab!

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Rh Factor
Rh Factor: Another group of antigens found on RBCs. Erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn. - RhoGAM See lab!

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BLOOD CLOTTING

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Blood vessels
ENDOTHELIAL cells line the blood vessels.
- simple squamous epithelium

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Blood Clotting
Intact endothelial cells repel platelets.
by prostacyclin which is a prostaglandin, made by Cox2. Celebrex, Vioxx inhibit Cox2

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Blood Clotting
Hemostasis: blood clotting. - Vasoconstriction - Platelet plug - Fibrin

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Platelet plug
damage to the endothelium wall ->
exposes collagen and Von Willebrands factor -> platelets stick -> platelets secrete contents -> platelet plug.
note: a positive feedback cascade! Aspirin: inbits formation of platelet plug by inhibiting COX1 which is necessary for synthesis of a prostaglandin called thromboxane A which increases stickyness of platelets to each other once the first ones stick.

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Fibrin
Fibrinogen in blood + thrombin (enzyme) -> fibrin fibers in clot Instrinsic pathway: Collagen, test tube glass -> clotting factors -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin Extrinsic pathway: thromboplastin from damaged cells, clotting factors, Ca++, phospholipids from platelets -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin Common pathway: prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin

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Blood Clotting

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Blood Clotting
Serum = plasma without fibrinogen

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Illnesses
Hereditary hemophilias (can bleed to death).

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DISSOLUTION OF CLOTS

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Dissolution of the clot

Kallikrein -> plasminogen -> plasmin Plasmin is an enzyme that digests fibrin.

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Anticoagulants
Anticoagulant: prevents clots. - sodium citrate, edta - Heparin (mucoprotein, stops thrombin) - Coumarin drugs (dicumarol, warfarin) - recombinant TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)