BIOTECHNOLOGY

Some Ideas? Some examples?

 BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE + TECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

= BIOTECHNOLOGY

Definition

Applications of biological systems / processes / organisms to manufacturing (Products) or service industries (Services).

 In its most simple form, biotechnology is the use of living systems (organisms) by people to make products. Biotechnology uses many different sciences, such as biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, computers, and information technology to develop tools and products. Biotechnology changes genes of organisms for specific purposes.

What is Biotechnology?

Research and development network

Biotechnology techniques and processes (Evans, P. R.

Biotechnology and Biological Preparations in Encyclopaedia of PT vol. 1, 3rd edn.)

INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology encompasses any technique that uses living organisms in the production or modification of products. Thus, biotechnology products broadly refer to biopharmaceutical drugs generated through researches in cell biology, genetics and recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) and monoclonal antibody (MAb) are providing exciting opportunities for new pharmaceuticals development as well as new approaches to drug delivery.

HISTORY.

Old / Biotechnology Bread making, wine making, fermentation, milk products, Even Idli Making

Modern Biotechnology

1980 onwards

Genetic Engineering
DNA Fingerprinting

Plant Tissue Culture

Cloning, etc.

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Changing genetic material of an organism by transferring genes from other organisms Creating organisms with new genes/ characters Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs) or transgenic Organisms. Addition or Modification of characters of organisms

 Recombinant DNA technology

Joining or combining genes from two or more organisms in the laboratory.

Genetically Engineered Tobacco Plant with Luceferene Gene

Fire Fly (Luciferene gene)

Insulin Production by Bacteria

Transfer of Insulin Gene

Insulin producing Bacteria

DNA FINGERPRINTING
Technique which helps in the establishment of identity of a person or organism based on uniqueness of DNA sequence. Every persons DNA sequence is different from all others, like finger print or signatures.

Techniques
. Collection

of DNA, cutting into pieces, Separation of pieces by Gel Electrophoresis, Processing of separated DNA bands which appear like Bar Codes.

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprint of a person Application : Detection of criminals, solving parental disputes

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

Technique of growing isolated plant tissues or cells in an artificial medium under aseptic conditions. Plant cells TOTIPOTENT. Each cell can Multiply and develop in to new plants when cultured. Growth medium: Nutrients, vitamins, hormones, agar

Medium

New Plantlets

USES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

Micropropagation large number of plants in small space Disease free plant production Somatic hybridisation/cybrid production- Pomato Transgenic plant production Nif gene transfer Pollen culture haploid plants Parthenocarpy Protection of pure charecters. Shortening of Flowering Period Rose?

Cloning
Identicle/ exactly similar cells / organisms Plants produced by cuttings/ vegetative propagation are genetically similar in vivo clones (Hibiscus, Rose, etc.) Tissue culture Plants in vitro Clones Animals from cell of a single parent in vitro method Dolly sheep first animal clone produced by Ian Wilmut. Cloning is possible in frogs, rats, monkeys Xerox copies of parent animal (usually superior quality mother)

How Dolly was produced?

Applications of Biotechnology
Agricultural Applications new variety of crop plants, animal breeds Ex: Bt cotton, Golden Rice, Fast growing sheeps, Pigs

Applications of Biotechnology
Biocatalysts (Enzymes- Stain removers in detergents) Biopolymers (Bioplastic PHB from plants, Bacteria)

Applications of Biotechnology
Pollution control Bacteria to clean pollution Polluted/Waste water treatment (Bacterial Filters, Membrane Filters) Medical/Health benefits Cheaper and safer hormones (Insulin by bacteria, Growth hormones), vaccines (HbV vaccine), drugs (Blood clotting factor)

Limitations of Biotechnology
Genetic engineered food may cause Health Problems (Bt cotton, corn , brinjal etc. have a toxic gene of bacteria) Pest resistant Bt plants also kill useful insects like butter flies, bees along with disease causing pest insects ecological imbalance. Human cloning Socially, Ethically Right?

How Does Biotechnology Affect Individuals, Society, and the Environment?

What does it mean? Biotechnology affects our everyday lives!

It provides medicine, and can detect and treat diseases
Diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, antibiotics, etc.

It has and continues to change what we are able to eat

Baking bread, making cheese, etc.

SAMPLE: Biotechnology of Corn

Scientists have successfully been able to change the genes of corn for more desirable traits Biotech (Bt) corn may be insect protected (no need for pesticides), herbicideresistant, or both Another type of corn is able to grow in times of drought (no or low rain seasons) As well, corn has been engineered to contain more healthy ingredients