Satellite Communications

Regalado, Rimando, Sanchez, Sarmiento, Suezo Electronics Communications Systems by Wayne Tomasi, Chapter 25

First Reporter Topics

25-1 Introduction 25-2 History of Satellites 25-3 Keplers Law 25-4 Satellite Orbits

Introduction
Topic 25-1

What is a satellite?
object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor.

An object is launched to space

and put in to orbit.

It Provides Communication Functions

Military Governmental Private Commercial

Many Parts
Receiver Transmitter Amplifier Regenerator Filter Onboard Computer Multiplexer/Demux Antenna Wave Guide and about any other Electronic Communications circuit ever developed.

Transponder
The satellite radio repeater. Many Transponders in on Satellite. Lease Transponders to make money.

Satellite System
Consist of many Satellites and Ground Base Systems.

Category of Transmissions
Bus Includes control mechanisms Payload Actual user information

Prophecy
1960s AT&T said that a few advanced communications satellite can be developed. It could handle more telephone traffic than the entire present AT&T long distance communication network. The cost could be cheaper than terrestrial solutions.

Unfortunately
Government regulations does not allow them Small companies were left with the challenge Billions wasted on years to come on ground based systems. Resulting to slow development of Satellite Systems.

History
25-2

Passive Reflector
Bounces signals from one place to another. No gain devices on board to amplify signals. 1954, US Navy commissioned the first satellite

Passive Reflector
From 1956 To 1962 Moon

Earth

Washington DC

Hawaii

Despite
Not requiring power Nor Sophisticated Electronics

Still,
The moon is only available half the time Position is constantly changing 1 part of 10^18 of transmitted power is returned to earth. Very inconvenient.

Next Development
Active Satellites

1957 Sputnik I
First Active Satellite Amplifying Reshaping Regenerating Retransmitting Transmitted Telemetry for 21 days.

1957 Explorer I
Worked for 5 Months, NASA

1958 Score
Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment NASA Has a Tape Recorder Deliver President Eisenhowers Xmas msg. First satellite for relaying information Acted as a delayed repeater Depends on earth orbit

Atlas-B with Score payload (USAF, 1958)

1960 Echo
100ft diameter plastic balloon Aluminum coating Bell Telephone & Jet Propulsion Lab Passive reflection Simple Required High Power transmitters at earth First transatlantic transmission using satellite

1960 Courier
First transponder Lasted 17 days, 3Watts.

1962 Telstar I
AT&T Simultaneous RX/TX Damaged
Newly Discover Van Allen Belts Lasted for Few weeks

1963 Telstar II
Same as Telstar I Except, more radiation resistant Telephone Television Facsimile First Transatlantic Video Transmission

Syncom Series
February 1963 Syncom I First attempt to Geosynchronous satellite. Lost during orbit injection Syncom II, Syncom III later followed Syncom III broadcast 1964 Olympics from Tokyo Feasibility of Geosynchronous Satellites

What followed?
Corporations and Government around the world. 100s of satellite communications system operate in every corner of the world. Fixed common carrier telephone and data circuits Point to point television broadcasting Network television distribution, music and mobile Navigation and private communications network Government agencies and Military applications

1965 IntelSat I (Early Bird)

First commercial Launched at Cape Keneddy 2 Transponders 25Mhz Bandwidth, 1 TV and 480 Voice International Telecommunications Satellite Organization From withing UN, in 1964 120 Nations

Intel Sat Series

Provide Worldwide, non-discriminatory sat com 1966-1987, IntelSat II-VI IntelSat VI, 80K Voice IntelSat currently has 52 Satellites

DomSats (Domestic Satellites)

First by USSR 1966, Molniya (lightning) Owned and operated by a single Country 1972, Anik (little brother), by Canada 14 More were launched until 2007

Molniya

Anik A

1974 Westar I

December 12, 1975 Satcom I

RCA Astro Electronics 16 More From 1976 To 1992

STS-61-C_SATCOM_Ku-1

Comsat
Communications Satellite Corporation Communications Satellite Act of 1962 Regulates the use and operations of US Satellites Set their tariffs US Government Utilizes the largest share of Satellite time usage (24% or entire world) Great Britain 13% France 6%

COMSAT Brazil facilities

Keplers Law
25-3

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

German astronomer Discovered laws that govern satellite motion

Keplers Laws
1. The planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus. 2. The line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out in equal areas in equal intervals of time. 3. The square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the cube of its mean distance from the sun gives a number that is the same for all planets.

1st Law
Planet

F1 F2 Sun

= 2 2

2nd Law (Law of Areas)

The velocity will be greatest closest to earth

perigee

apogee

3rd Law (1619, Harmonic Law)

= 2/3 Where,
A=Constant (unitless) = semimajor axis (km) P = mean solar earth days
P=

23 56 24

1436 1440

= 0.9972

A = 42241.0979

Nonsynchronous Satellite
Rotate in a circular Pattern

Prograde/Posigrade Orbit
Satellite is orbiting the same direction as earths rotation Angular velocity of Satellite is > of Earth Ws > WE Most nonsynchronous satellites. Available 15 minutes/orbit

Retrograde Orbit
Retrograde orbit: the satellite (red) orbits in the direction opposite to the rotation of its primary (blue/black).

 Disadvantage: Complicated tracking equipment. Advantage: Precision rockets not needed.

Satellite Elevation Categories

25-4-1

Categories
Low earth orbit (LEO) Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)

LEO
1.0 Ghz 2.5Ghz Motorolas Sat based Mobile Telephone System Iridium 66 Satellite Constelation 480mi above earth surface Advantage: Path loss between earth station and space vehicle is lower Low transmit power, smallers antennas and less weight.

Iridium

MEO
1.2 Ghz 1.66 Ghz 6000mi-12000mi above earth DOD GPS NAVSTAR Constellation of 21 Satellites 6 Spares 9500mi above earth

NAVSTAR

High Elevation Nonsynchronous

19,000mi 25,000 mi Near-synchronous <22,300, orbital time is lower than earths rotational period. Sub-synchronous >22,300 retrograde, satellite will appear reverse. East to West

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit

Satellite Orbital Patterns

25-4-2

Orbital Pattern
Apogee Farthest from earth Perigee Closes to earth Major Axis Line joining Apogee and Perigee Minor Axis Line Perpendicular to Major Axis halfway between Apogee and Perigee

Orbital Pattern

Orbital Pattern
Planet apogee

F1

F2 Sun

perigee

Orbital Pattern
Inclined orbit: An orbit whose inclination in reference to the equatorial plane is not zero degrees. Equatorial Orbit: Directly above the equator Polar Orbit: Perpendicular to Equatorial orbit. Takes the satellite to north and south poles.

Inclined orbit

Equatorial Orbit

Polar Orbit

100% Coverage

Rotation of the line of Apsides

Earth is not perfect sphere It bulges in equator Volcan Chimborazo thought to be highest point It was Equatorial Bulge that made the mountain farthest point from the center of the earth This causes apogee and perigee move around the earth However at 63.4 degree inclination Rotation of line of Apsides is 0. AKA 63 degree slot.

Interesting to Note
Molniya Series Satellites are highly inclined. This gives more coverage on the northerly regions of Russia. Because of this for every 12 hours it spends 11 hours on northern hemisphere. Three or more of these satellites follow each other to pass communications when one is out. Molniya orbital pattern is sometimes called HEO, Highly Elliptical Orbit.

Molniya Orbit

Almost Done

Extra

ABS-3
communications satellite launched in 1997 Built by Space Systems/Loral most powerful coverage in the Asia-Pacific region covers the entire Asia up to Pakistan and Western Pacific up to Hawaii one of the most efficient satellites in the industry 50,000 simultaneous two-way telephone conversations

ABS-3
Oringal name was Agila II also known as Mabuhay 1 first Filipino space satellite Sold to Asia Broadcast Satellite

Thank you for your attention