Introduction
The
upper limb is a multijointed lever that is freely movable on the trunk at the shoulder joint
the distal end of the upper limb is the prehensile organ, the hand.
At
Introduction
Much
of the importance of the hand depends on the pincerlike action of the thumb, which enables one to grasp objects between the thumb and index finger
upper limb is divided into the shoulder (junction of the trunk with the arm), arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand.
The
BREAST
Introduction:
Breasts
are specialized accessory glands Secrete milk Present in both sexes Similar in males and immature females
Anatomy of Breast
Has
nipples
by a colored area of skin
Surrounded
Areola
Consist
At Puberty
Gradually
Assume
enlarge
their hemispherical shape under the influence of ovarian hormones ducts elongate in size
The
Extension
Base From
Greater
fascia
Axillary Tail
Extends
Pierces
Then
Formation
Each breast consists of 15-20 lobes which radiate out from the nipple The main duct from each lobe opens separately on the summit of the nipple called Ampulla Base of nipple is surrounded by AREOLA Tiny tubercles on the areola produced by the underlying areolar glands
Fibrous Septa
Lobes
of the glands are separated by fibrous septa well developed in the upper part of the gland
Are
Extend
Serve
as a suspensory ligament
Retromammary Space
These are the connective tissues which separate the breasts from the deep fascia covering the underlying muscles
They
They
Early Pregnancy
In
the early months of pregnancy, there is a rapid increase in length and branching in the duct system
secretory alveoli develop at the ends of the smaller ducts and the connective tissue becomes filled with expanding and budding secretory alveoli
The
Early Pregnancy
The vascularity of the connective tissue also increases to provide adequate nourishment for the developing gland
The nipple enlarges, and the areola becomes darker and more extensive as a result of increased deposits of melanin pigment in the epidermis
The areolar glands enlarge and become more active
Late Pregnancy
During
The
Postweaning
Once
the baby has been weaned, the breasts return to their inactive state
remaining milk is absorbed, the secretory alveoli shrink, and most of them disappear interlobular connective tissue thickens
The
The
Postweaning
The
breasts and the nipples shrink and return nearly to their original size pigmentation of the areola fades, but the area never lightens to its original color
The
Postmenopause
After
Most
The
Postmenopause
The
breasts tend to shrink in size and become more pendulous atrophy after menopause is caused by an absence of ovarian estrogen and progesterone
The
Blood Supply
Perforating
branches of the internal thoracic artery and the intercostal arteries artery via lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches
Axillary
Lymph Drainage
Important
clinically because of frequent development of a cancer dissemination of the malignant cells along the lymph vessels to the lymph nodes
Subsequent
Division
Breast is divided into 4 quadrants for lymph drainage
The lateral quadrants of the breast drain into the anterior axillary or pectoral group of lymph nodes
The medial quadrants drain by means of vessels that pierce the intercostal spaces and enter the internal thoracic group of nodes