Unit -2

Lecture-1

Introduction to three phase converters

3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage. They provide higher dc output voltage as compared to 1-Phase controeed rectifier. Higher dc output power. Higher output voltage ripple frequency. Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing out load voltage and load current.
3

Contd..
Extensively used in high power variable speed industrial dc drives. In three phase drives, the armature current is mostly continuous and therefore the motor performance is better compared to that of single phase drive.

Three-phase Half wave Converter Drives

Contd
This type of converter is employed for motors in the typical range of 10-50 HP. This drive is impractical for most industrial applications because supply currents would contain D.C components. With a three phase half wave converter the armature circuit gives armature voltage as

Contd..
Where Vm is the peak of the phase voltage of a star connected three phase A.C supply

If
then

Lecture-2

Three - phase semi controlled rectifier control of D.C. separately excited motor

Three - phase semi controlled rectifier control of D.C. separately excited motor

Contd
This is One quadrant drive i. e Only 1st quadrant operation is possible . It is limited to application in the range of 15-50 HP The field converter should also be a single phase or three phase semiconverter

Voltage across Load and current through load for different firing angle

Contd..

Contd

Contd..
In 3- phase semi converter, SCRs are gated at interval of 1200 in a proper sequence At large firing angles the motor current may be continuous or discontinuous, depending on the current demand and speed

Contd..
A 3- phase semi converter has the unique feature of working as a six pulse converter for and as a three pulse converter for

Torque-speed characteristics

Contd..
If the motor current is continuous, then the motor armature voltage is given by

Speed-Torque Characteristics for continuous conduction mode for different firing angle

Lecture-3

Three phase fully controlled rectifier control of d.c. separately excited motor

Three phase fully controlled rectifier control of D.C. separately excited motor

Out put Voltage and current waveform

21

Contd

22

Contd
The thyristors are triggered at an interval of / 3. The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fS. T1 is triggered at t = (/6 + ), T6 is already conducting when T1 is turned ON. During the interval (/6 + ) to (/2 + ), T1 and T6 conduct together & the output load voltage is equal to vab = (van vbn)
23

Contd
T2 is triggered at t = (/2 + ), T6 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as T2 is triggered. During the interval (/2 + ) to (5/6 + ), T1 and T2 conduct together & the output load voltage vO = vac = (van vcn) Thyristors are numbered in the order in which they are triggered. The thyristor triggering sequence is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12, 23, 34,
24

Torque-speed characteristics

Contd..
If the motor current is continuous, then the motor armature voltage is given by

TWO QUADRANT OPERATION OF A 3- PHASE FULL CONVERTER

Speed-Torque Characteristics for continuous conduction mode for different firing angle

Lecture-5

Three - phase semi controlled rectifier control of D.C. series motor

Three - phase semi controlled rectifier control of D.C. series motor

Voltage across Load and current through load for different firing angle

Contd..

Contd..
In 3- phase semi converter, SCRs are gated at interval of 1200 in a proper sequence At large firing angles the motor current may be continuous or discontinuous, depending on the current demand and speed

Contd..
A 3- phase semi converter has the unique feature of working as a six pulse converter for and as a three pulse converter for

Contd..
If the motor current is continuous, then the motor armature voltage is given by

Variation of Output voltage with firing angle

Lecture-6 Speed torque Characteristics For different values of firing angle

Speed torque Characteristics For different values of firing angle

In case of series motor field circuit is connected in series with the armature and motor terminal voltage is controlled by semi converter or fully controlled converter. Series motors are particularly suited for applications that require high starting torque such as crane, hoists, elevators, vehicles etc..

Contd
Inherently, series motor can provide essentially constant power output and therefore particularly suitable for traction drives

Speed control is very difficult with the series motor because any change in the load current will immediately be reflected in a speed change and hence , all speed control systems will use separately excited system.

Contd
For series motor total resistance R = (Ra +Rf ) which includes both series field winding resistance and armature winding resistance. Similarly, L = ( La + Lf) which includes both series field winding inductance and armature winding inductance . Back emf is expressed by the equation, e = Ka n .. (1)

Contd..
The flux has two components , One component a which is produced by the armature current flowing through the series field winding. The other component res is due to the residual magnetism. res is very small and can be assumed constant. Therefore, = a + res (2)

Contd.
If linearity is assumed , a = Kf ia .(3) Substituting eq (2) and eq (3) in eq (1), we ge te = Ka ( Kf ia + res) n = Ka Kf ia n + Ka res n --------------- (4) Average back emf is given by E = Kaf Ia N + Kres N ---------- (5) The torque developed by the motor is given by t = Ka ia --------------------- (6)

Contd..
If the flux res is neglected, then from eq(2), eq(3), and from eq(6) t = Kaf ia2 --------------------(7) Torque is therefore, developed in the same direction for either direction of current .Hence, speed reversal in the series motor can be achieved by reversing either field winding or the armature terminals but not both.

Contd..
The average developed torque is T = Kaf Ia2 ------------------ (8) The voltage equation of the armature circuit is given by va = R . ia + La . (dia / dt ) + e ------- (9) The average armature voltage is given by Va = Ra . Ia + E ----------------- (10)

Contd
Replacing the average value of back emf (E) from eq(5) Va = Ra . Ia + Kaf Ia N + Kres N ---- (11) Now the speed from above equation becomes

Contd
Neglecting the ripple in the motor current T = Kaf Ia2 ------------- (13) Therefore , From eq (11) Substituting the value of Ia in Eq(8)

Contd..
Substituting the value of Ia in Eq(12)

Speed torque Characteristics For different values of firing angle

Lecture-7

Three - phase Fully controlled rectifier control of D.C. series motor

Three - phase Fully controlled rectifier control of D.C. series motor

Out put Voltage and current waveform

51

Contd

52

Contd
The thyristors are triggered at an interval of / 3. The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fS. T1 is triggered at t = (/6 + ), T6 is already conducting when T1 is turned ON. During the interval (/6 + ) to (/2 + ), T1 and T6 conduct together & the output load voltage is equal to vab = (van vbn)
53

Contd
T2 is triggered at t = (/2 + ), T6 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as T2 is triggered. During the interval (/2 + ) to (5/6 + ), T1 and T2 conduct together & the output load voltage vO = vac = (van vcn) Thyristors are numbered in the order in which they are triggered. The thyristor triggering sequence is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12, 23, 34,
54

Contd..
If the motor current is continuous, then the motor armature voltage is given by

TWO QUADRANT OPERATION OF A 3- PHASE FULL CONVERTER

Speed-Torque Characteristics
We know, for series motor

Replacing the value of Va for fully controlled converter

Speed-Torque Characteristics for continuous conduction mode for different firing angle

Lecture-8

Problems

Problems
The speed of a 150 HP, 650V, 1750 rpm, separately excited D.C motor is controlled by 3phase, full converter. The converter is operating from a 3-phase, 460v, 50Hz supply. The rated armature current of the motor is 170A. The motor parameters are Ra= 0.099 Ohms, La= 0.73 mH, and Ka = 0.33 V/ rpm. Neglect the losses in converter system. Determine (a) No load speeds at firing angle = 00 and 300 . Assume that at no-load, the armature current is 10% of the rated current and is continuous.

Contd..
(b) The firing angle to obtain rated speed of 1750 RPM at rated motor current. Also compute the supply power factor. (c) The speed regulation or the firing angle obtained in part (b)