Introduction
All aircraft have a specified maximum mass. This limit must be respected, whether the aircraft is a micro-light or a Boeing 747. Attempting to fly an overloaded/overweight aircraft can cause various effects.
Introduction
To ensure aircraft can fly safely with best performance, limitation are set by engineer. Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW): The maximum permissible weight to conduct a takeoff. Maximum Landing Weight (MLW): The maximum permissible weight to conduct a landing. Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW): The maximum weight of an aircraft which its structural limits would allow.
Dry Operating Weight (DOW) DOW Basic Weight Crew & Baggage
Dry Operating Weight (DOW) Also known as Aircraft Prepared for Service (APS). It is the basic weight plus crew plus crews baggage's.
Payload
The weight of all persons and items of load carried in an aircraft for which a fare or charge is being paid. PAYLOAD = Passengers & Cargo
Fuel
FUEL = Flight Fuel + Reserve Fuel Flight Fuel = It is the weight of the fuel required for and burnt during a flight. With the given flight distance and mean airspeed , Flight Fuel can be calculated as follows: Flight Fuel = Fuel Flow Flight Time Where, Flight time= Distance / Mean Airspeed
During LANDING: AUW during Landing =DOW + PAYLOAD + Reserve Fuel Note that, as a flight progresses , flight fuel is consumed and finished.
Calculation
Normally, there are only one way on how to ensure aircraft total weight (AUW) either at takeoff or landing is within limitations. The only way is to reduce the number of passengers, the amount of baggage or cargo (PAYLOAD) or the fuel load.
Payload Calculation
AUW DOW PAYLOAD FUEL
Based on above equation, to ensure AUW MTOW, MLW,MZFW Take-off consideration : replace AUW as MTOW, and re-arrange equation as: Payload = MTOW-DOW- (Flight Fuel+ Reserve Fuel) Landing consideration : replace AUW as MLW, and re-arrange equation as: Payload = MLW-DOW- Reserve Fuel Zero Fuel consideration : replace AUW as MZFW, and re-arrange equation as: Payload = MZFW-DOW Based on the calculation, the lowest result is the maximum payload that the aircraft is able to carry for a flight.
Example 1
Aircraft fly from M to N, given: MTOW = 6180kg MLW = 5740kg MZFW = 5395kg DOW=4400kg Flight Fuel = 767kg Reserve Fuel=250kg Calculate maximum payload that the aircraft is able to carry. Answer: 961kg
Example 2
Aircraft fly from A to B, given: MTOW = 41,300kg, MLW = 32,250kg DOW = 23,000kg Fuel Flow= 2000kg/hr, Mean Speed=455knots, Flight Distance=2150nm Reserve Fuel=2500kg Calculate maximum payload that the aircraft is able to carry. (**Assume MZFW is not specified) Solution: Step 1: Calculate Flight time & Flight Fuel Step 2: Find the maximum payload by ensuring total weight MTOW, MLW Answer: 6350kg
Introduction
Aircrafts manufacturers attempt to make the airplane as light as possible together with higher strength and enough safety. Either flight operators or pilot of an airplane should always be aware of the consequences of overloading. An overloaded airplane MAY NOT BE ABLE TO LEAVE THE GROUND, or if it does become airborne, IT MAY FACE UNEXPECTED OR POOR PERFORMANCE DURING FLIGHT. The initial indication of poor performance usually takes place during takeoff.
MK Airlines Flight 1602, a 747-200F, crashed while attempting to take off from Halifax Stanfield International Airport on 14 October 2004. The aircraft's take-off weight had been incorrectly calculated, and the plane was only briefly airborne before impacting an Earth berm at the end of the runway. The seven-member crew was killed.