Zarni Amri
Zarni amri
descriptive statistics
Why studying statistics? to be able understand and to judge the scientific literature to be able to analyze own data Role of medical statistics in Medical research Planning Design Data collection Statistics plays a role Data processing at all stages Data analysis Data presentation Interpretation publication
Data analyses
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Data analysis
We want to make general statements about a wider set of subjects than our study group How to draw conclusion about a population on the basis of sample? Statistical theory: random sampling are assumed Practice: almost never truly random
population
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descriptive statistics
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (to describe)
Summarizing, presenting and exploring data in a sample (tables, graphs characteristics numbers as mean, median, SD, Range etc)
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STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS (to infer)
Statement about unknown population parameters (Statistical modeling: parameter estimates, Confidence Interval and hypothesis testing)
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descriptive statistics
Topics
The role of statistics in medical research Statistics descriptive Data scale Central tendency Dispersion Normal (Gaussian) curve Data presentation
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To calculate sample size To test validity and reliability of questionnaire Data presentations technique To analyze data and test the hypotheses inferential statistics
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descriptive statistics
Types of variables
Categorical Numeric
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Data
Category / qualitative
Numeric / quantitative
Nominal
(Unordered categories) e.g. Gender smoker/ non smoker Blood type (O, A, B, AB) Marital status
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Ordinal
(Ordered categories) e.g. Education Disease stages I, II, III, IV Level of knowledge
descriptive statistics
Population / sample distribution A distribution; how often the possible value of the variable occur in the population or in the sample if the sample is random, then the sample distribution gives an impression of the unknown population e.g. sex, relative frequency in population (in practice unknown) 0.51 males and 0.49 females If in 100 sample size we find 55 males and 45 females relative frequency of sample distribution; 0.55 males and 0.45 females
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Table : frequency table Graph : histogram, stem and leaf, box plot etc
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SD Inter-quartile range
Percentiles Etc
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data
29, 30, 26, 24, 35, 26, 43, 38, 38, 37, 35, 33, 41, 31, 32, 38, 27, 31, 27, 26, 28, 26, 32, 26, 52, 37, 27, 32, 37, 30,
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Central Tendency
Mean = arithmetic mean = mean of sample m = mean of population (the true mean) Median = midpoint Mode : the most prevalent value
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x n
Dispersion
SD = standard deviation of sample = standard deviation of population SD2 = variance of sample 2 = variance of population SE = SD/Vn
2 2 x x (x x)2 n SD2 n 1 n 1
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AGE_CAT
Descriptive Statistics
Results of SPSS
N age Valid N (listwise) 30 Minimum 24,00 Maximum 52,00 Mean 32,4667 Std. Deviation 6,30125
30
Frequen cy 13 14 3 30
Valid Cumulativ Percent e Percent 43,3 43,3 46,7 90,0 10,0 100,0 100,0
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descriptive statistics
Statistic
Std. Error
age
32,4667 Lower Bound Upper Bound 30,1137 34,8196 31,9815 31,5000 39,706 6,30125 24,00 52,00 28,00 10,0000 1,100 1,628
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1,15045
5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis
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,427 ,833
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The precision of a sample estimate of a population parameter is characterized by its Standard error If the study were repeated infinitely many times, and each time the estimate is compute, we would get the distribution of the parameter estimate CI
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SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Almost infinite samples Variation of mean and sd Follow sampling distribution
NORMAL CURVE
- 1.96 Z value
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- 1 -1
m 0 x-m
+ 1 +1
+ 1.96 + 1.96
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- 1.96
Z =
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Normal distribution
COV = (SD/mean) x 100% < 20% 6.3/200 x 100%= 3.15% Normal?
-2 to +2
-2 to +2
normal
Histogram
Box plot
Simetris
Simetris
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-wilk
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> 0.05
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age
Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. ,130 30 ,200(*) ,910 30 ,015
Statistic Std. Error 32,4667 1,15045 Lower Bound Upper Bound 30,1137 34,8196 31,9815 31,5000 39,706 6,30125 24,00 52,00 28,00 10,0000 1,100 1,628
age
5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis
Zarni amri descriptive statistics
,427 ,833
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age Stem-and-Leaf Plot Frequency Stem & Leaf 1,00 2 . 4 10,00 2 . 6666677789 8,00 3 . 00112223 8,00 3 . 55777888 2,00 4 . 13 1,00 Extremes (>=52) Stem width: 10,00 Each leaf: 1 case(s)
60
25
50
40
30
20
N = 30
age
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Data menopause
Umur
women;
> 40 yrs
Cu mu l ati ve Pe r ce nt 1 5.5 2 0.0 2 8.0 3 2.0 3 4.5 4 0.5 4 3.5 4 7.0 5 0.5 5 3.0 6 0.0 6 2.5 6 5.0 6 7.0 6 8.0 7 0.5 7 3.0 7 5.5 7 8.5 8 3.5 8 5.0 8 5.5 8 7.5 8 8.5 9 3.0 9 4.0 9 5.0 9 6.0 9 8.5 9 9.0 9 9.5 1 00 .0
Va li d
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 70 73 79 85 Zarni amri T o ta l
Freq u en cy 31 9 16 8 5 12 6 7 7 5 14 5 5 4 2 5 5 5 6 10 3 1 4 2 9 2 2 2 5 1 1 1 2 00
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Descriptiv es Statistic 50.47 49.14 51.79 49.83 48.00 89.617 9.47 40 85 45 15.00 .836 .076 Std. Error .67
Umur
Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean 5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis
.172 .342
29
histogram
60 50
40
30
20
10
Std. Dev = 9.47 Mean = 50.5 N = 200.00 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0
Umur
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umur
40.00 4 . 0000000000000000000000000000000111111111 24.00 4 . 222222222222222233333333 17.00 4 . 44444555555555555 13.00 4 . 6666667777777 12.00 4 . 888888899999 19.00 5 . 0000000000000011111 9.00 5 . 222223333 7.00 5 . 4455555 10.00 5 . 6666677777 6.00 5 . 888888 13.00 6 . 0000000000111 5.00 6 . 23333 11.00 6 . 44555555555 Stem and leaf 4.00 6 . 6677 plot 2.00 6 . 88 5.00 7 . 00000 1.00 7. 3 .00 7. .00 7. 1.00 7. 9 1.00 Extremes (>=85)
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80
100
70
60
75
50
50 25
40
30
N= 200
Umur
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Umur
= 5.81 + 0.55
= 5.26 , 6.36
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Data Presentation
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TEXTULAR
Limited substance Suitable for presenting qualitative description Use to complement other presentation methods Presenting data basis for the study Supporting statistical calculation Proper method for academic purposes
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GRAPHICAL
Visualization of tabular data Good to present progress development Proper method for public audiences
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TYPES OF TABLES
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Frequency tables
grup tensi N n Ht Cumulative Percent 84.1 100.0
Valid
Valid
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Tabel frekuensi
Kategori umur Cumul ati ve Percent 70.5 98.5 100.0 Frequency 141 56 3 200 Percent 70.5 28.0 1.5 100.0 Vali d Percent 70.5 28.0 1.5 100.0
Vali d
Cross-Table
pelak s anaan shift bergilir * klas if te ns i JNC 7 Cros s tabulation klasif tensi JNC 7 prahipertensi hipertensi st 1 28 13 32.9% 57 67.1% 85 100.0% 44.8% 16 55.2% 29 100.0% pelaksanaan shift bergilir tidak Count % w ithin klas if tens i JNC 7 Count % w ithin klas if tens i JNC 7 Count % w ithin klas if tens i JNC 7 normal 34 30.6% 77 69.4% 111 100.0% hipertensi st 2 4 50.0% 4 50.0% 8 100.0% Total 79 33.9% 154 66.1% 233 100.0%
ya
Total
k od ing in de x m as a tub uh * g r u p te ns i N n Ht Cr o ss tab ulatio n Count grup tens i N n Ht normotens i hipertensi 13 91 10 42 7 41 17 187 34 Total 13 101 49 58 221
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Catatan: !!!
Pada studi epidemiologi, tabel silang ini dapat dibuat dan dapat diuji kemaknaan , apakah ada perbedaan antara hipertensi dan kerja gilir atau hipertensi dan status gizi, dengan hanya menggunakan sampel untuk survei/studi potong lintang
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Cross-table
Kategori umur * Apakah anda sudah menopause ? Crosstabulation Count Apakah anda sudah menopause ? Sudah Belum 44 97 55 1 3 102 98
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GRAPHICAL
Line graph * Arithmetic scale * Semi logarithmic scale Histogram / polygon frequency Scatter diagram Bar diagram Pictogram Pie diagram Spot map
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Pie diagram
klasif tensi JNC 7
hipertensi st 2 hipertensi st 1
normal
prahipertensi
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Frequency
.00 5. 3.00 5 . 5& 20.00 6 . 0000000022 13.00 6 . 555557 64.00 7 . 0000000000000000000000000022222 32.00 7 . 555555555557777 51.00 8 . 0000000000000000000022222 15.00 8 . 5555577 22.00 9 . 0000000022& 5.00 9 . 57 8.00 Extremes (>=100)
Stem width: Each leaf: 10.0 2 case(s)
48
40 100
35 30 206 197 229
30
80
20
10 60 0 55.0 40
N= 233
Std. Dev = 10.81 Mean = 76.7 N = 233.00 65.0 60.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 105.0 115.0 120.0 100.0 110.0
td diastolik rata2
td diastolik rata2
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LINE GRAPH
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Q-1
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Rural Urban
Q-2
Q-3
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Q-4
50
BAR DIAGRAM
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Q-1
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Rural Urban
Q-2
Q-3
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Q-4
51
Q-2
Q-1 0
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20
40
60
descriptive statistics
80
100
52
80
60
40
20 Std. Dev = 392987.4 Mean = 793250.0 0 250000.0 750000.0 1250000.0 1750000.0 2250000.0 2500000.0 500000.0 1000000.0 1500000.0 2000000.0 N = 200.00
Pendapatan
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7.00 3 . 0000055 28.00 4 . 0000000000000000000000000055 37.00 5 . 0000000000000000000000000000000000555 6.00 6 . 000055 35.00 7 . 00000000000000000000000555555555555 30.00 8 . 000000000000000000000000000000 4.00 9 . 0000 16.00 10 . 0000000000000000 2.00 11 . 00 10.00 12 . 0000000000 9.00 13 . 000000000 .00 14 . 8.00 15 . 00000000 .00 16 . 1.00 17 . 0 7.00 Extremes (>=2000000) Stem width: 100000 Zarni amri Each leaf: 1 case(s)
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Box plot
3000000
2000000
2 135 38 39 161 21
1000000
0
N= 200
Pendapatan
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